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Cardiovascular Responses during Free-Diving in the Sea
Abstract Cardiac output has never been assessed during free-diving diving in the sea. Knowledge of human diving response in this setting is therefore scarce. 3 immersions were performed by 7 divers: at depths of 10 m, 20 m and 30 m. Each test consisted of 3 apnea phases: descent, static and ascent....
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| Published in: | International journal of sports medicine 2015-04, Vol.36 (4), p.297-301 |
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| container_title | International journal of sports medicine |
| container_volume | 36 |
| creator | Marongiu, E. Crisafulli, A. Ghiani, G. Olla, S. Roberto, S. Pinna, M. Pusceddu, M. Palazzolo, G. Sanna, I. Concu, A. Tocco, F. |
| description | Abstract
Cardiac output has never been assessed during free-diving diving in the sea. Knowledge of human diving response in this setting is therefore scarce. 3 immersions were performed by 7 divers: at depths of 10 m, 20 m and 30 m. Each test consisted of 3 apnea phases: descent, static and ascent. An impedance cardiograph provided data on stroke volume, heart rate and cardiac output. Mean blood pressure, arterial O
2
saturation and blood lactate values were also collected. Starting from a resting value of 4.5±1.6 L∙min
−1
, cardiac output at 10 m showed an increase up to 7.1±2.2 L∙min
−1
(p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1055/s-0034-1389969 |
| format | article |
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Cardiac output has never been assessed during free-diving diving in the sea. Knowledge of human diving response in this setting is therefore scarce. 3 immersions were performed by 7 divers: at depths of 10 m, 20 m and 30 m. Each test consisted of 3 apnea phases: descent, static and ascent. An impedance cardiograph provided data on stroke volume, heart rate and cardiac output. Mean blood pressure, arterial O
2
saturation and blood lactate values were also collected. Starting from a resting value of 4.5±1.6 L∙min
−1
, cardiac output at 10 m showed an increase up to 7.1±2.2 L∙min
−1
(p<0.01) during the descent, while conditions during the static and ascent phases remained unchanged. At 20 m cardiac output values were 7.3±2.4 L∙min
−1
and 6.7
±1
.2 L∙min
−1
during ascent and descent, respectively (p<0.01), and 4.3±0.9 L∙min
−1
during static phase. At 30 m cardiac output values were 6.5±1.8 L∙min
−1
and 7.5±2 L∙min
−1
during descent and ascent, respectively (p<0.01), and 4.7±2.1 L∙min
−1
during static phase. Arterial O
2
saturation decreased with increasing dive depth, reaching 91.1±3.4% (
p
<0.001 vs. rest) upon emergence from a depth of 30 m. Blood lactate values increased to 4.1±1.2 mmol∙L
−1
at the end of the 30 m dive (
p
<0.001 vs. rest). Results seem to suggest that simultaneous activation of exercise and diving response could lead to an absence of cardiac output reduction aimed at an oxygen-conserving effect.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0172-4622</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1439-3964</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1389969</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25429549</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Stuttgart · New York: Georg Thieme Verlag KG</publisher><subject>Adult ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiac Output ; Cardiography, Impedance ; Diving - physiology ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Lactic Acid - blood ; Oxygen - blood ; Physiology & Biochemistry ; Stroke Volume</subject><ispartof>International journal of sports medicine, 2015-04, Vol.36 (4), p.297-301</ispartof><rights>Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c366t-2676c30c562cb944a219c316b2043af978a0720fd66eccd3ede24413de2417d23</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ejournals/pdf/10.1055/s-0034-1389969.pdf$$EPDF$$P50$$Gthieme$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ejournals/html/10.1055/s-0034-1389969$$EHTML$$P50$$Gthieme$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3004,3005,27903,27904,54537,54538</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25429549$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Marongiu, E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Crisafulli, A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ghiani, G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Olla, S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Roberto, S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pinna, M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pusceddu, M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Palazzolo, G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sanna, I.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Concu, A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tocco, F.</creatorcontrib><title>Cardiovascular Responses during Free-Diving in the Sea</title><title>International journal of sports medicine</title><addtitle>Int J Sports Med</addtitle><description>Abstract
Cardiac output has never been assessed during free-diving diving in the sea. Knowledge of human diving response in this setting is therefore scarce. 3 immersions were performed by 7 divers: at depths of 10 m, 20 m and 30 m. Each test consisted of 3 apnea phases: descent, static and ascent. An impedance cardiograph provided data on stroke volume, heart rate and cardiac output. Mean blood pressure, arterial O
2
saturation and blood lactate values were also collected. Starting from a resting value of 4.5±1.6 L∙min
−1
, cardiac output at 10 m showed an increase up to 7.1±2.2 L∙min
−1
(p<0.01) during the descent, while conditions during the static and ascent phases remained unchanged. At 20 m cardiac output values were 7.3±2.4 L∙min
−1
and 6.7
±1
.2 L∙min
−1
during ascent and descent, respectively (p<0.01), and 4.3±0.9 L∙min
−1
during static phase. At 30 m cardiac output values were 6.5±1.8 L∙min
−1
and 7.5±2 L∙min
−1
during descent and ascent, respectively (p<0.01), and 4.7±2.1 L∙min
−1
during static phase. Arterial O
2
saturation decreased with increasing dive depth, reaching 91.1±3.4% (
p
<0.001 vs. rest) upon emergence from a depth of 30 m. Blood lactate values increased to 4.1±1.2 mmol∙L
−1
at the end of the 30 m dive (
p
<0.001 vs. rest). Results seem to suggest that simultaneous activation of exercise and diving response could lead to an absence of cardiac output reduction aimed at an oxygen-conserving effect.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Blood Pressure</subject><subject>Cardiac Output</subject><subject>Cardiography, Impedance</subject><subject>Diving - physiology</subject><subject>Heart Rate</subject><subject>Hemodynamics</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Lactic Acid - blood</subject><subject>Oxygen - blood</subject><subject>Physiology & Biochemistry</subject><subject>Stroke Volume</subject><issn>0172-4622</issn><issn>1439-3964</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqNkDtPwzAURi0EoqWwMqKMLC5-3Dj1iAoFpEpIPGbLdW6oqzyKnVTi35OohQ2J6bvDuWc4hFxyNuUsTW8iZUwC5XKmtdJHZMxBaiq1gmMyZjwTFJQQI3IW44YxDprLUzISKQidgh4TNbch983ORteVNiQvGLdNHTEmeRd8_ZEsAiK987vh9nXSrjF5RXtOTgpbRrw47IS8L-7f5o90-fzwNL9dUieVaqlQmXKSuVQJt9IAVnDtJFcrwUDaQmczyzLBilwpdC6XmKMA4HIYnuVCTsj13rsNzWeHsTWVjw7L0tbYdNFwpUHPmNTsH6jKJEAGaY9O96gLTYwBC7MNvrLhy3BmhqwmmiGrOWTtH64O7m5VYf6L_3TsAboH2rXHCs2m6ULdh_lL-A1y_H5L</recordid><startdate>20150401</startdate><enddate>20150401</enddate><creator>Marongiu, E.</creator><creator>Crisafulli, A.</creator><creator>Ghiani, G.</creator><creator>Olla, S.</creator><creator>Roberto, S.</creator><creator>Pinna, M.</creator><creator>Pusceddu, M.</creator><creator>Palazzolo, G.</creator><creator>Sanna, I.</creator><creator>Concu, A.</creator><creator>Tocco, F.</creator><general>Georg Thieme Verlag KG</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7TS</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20150401</creationdate><title>Cardiovascular Responses during Free-Diving in the Sea</title><author>Marongiu, E. ; Crisafulli, A. ; Ghiani, G. ; Olla, S. ; Roberto, S. ; Pinna, M. ; Pusceddu, M. ; Palazzolo, G. ; Sanna, I. ; Concu, A. ; Tocco, F.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c366t-2676c30c562cb944a219c316b2043af978a0720fd66eccd3ede24413de2417d23</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Blood Pressure</topic><topic>Cardiac Output</topic><topic>Cardiography, Impedance</topic><topic>Diving - physiology</topic><topic>Heart Rate</topic><topic>Hemodynamics</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Lactic Acid - blood</topic><topic>Oxygen - blood</topic><topic>Physiology & Biochemistry</topic><topic>Stroke Volume</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Marongiu, E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Crisafulli, A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ghiani, G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Olla, S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Roberto, S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pinna, M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pusceddu, M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Palazzolo, G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sanna, I.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Concu, A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tocco, F.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Physical Education Index</collection><jtitle>International journal of sports medicine</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Marongiu, E.</au><au>Crisafulli, A.</au><au>Ghiani, G.</au><au>Olla, S.</au><au>Roberto, S.</au><au>Pinna, M.</au><au>Pusceddu, M.</au><au>Palazzolo, G.</au><au>Sanna, I.</au><au>Concu, A.</au><au>Tocco, F.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Cardiovascular Responses during Free-Diving in the Sea</atitle><jtitle>International journal of sports medicine</jtitle><addtitle>Int J Sports Med</addtitle><date>2015-04-01</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>36</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>297</spage><epage>301</epage><pages>297-301</pages><issn>0172-4622</issn><eissn>1439-3964</eissn><abstract>Abstract
Cardiac output has never been assessed during free-diving diving in the sea. Knowledge of human diving response in this setting is therefore scarce. 3 immersions were performed by 7 divers: at depths of 10 m, 20 m and 30 m. Each test consisted of 3 apnea phases: descent, static and ascent. An impedance cardiograph provided data on stroke volume, heart rate and cardiac output. Mean blood pressure, arterial O
2
saturation and blood lactate values were also collected. Starting from a resting value of 4.5±1.6 L∙min
−1
, cardiac output at 10 m showed an increase up to 7.1±2.2 L∙min
−1
(p<0.01) during the descent, while conditions during the static and ascent phases remained unchanged. At 20 m cardiac output values were 7.3±2.4 L∙min
−1
and 6.7
±1
.2 L∙min
−1
during ascent and descent, respectively (p<0.01), and 4.3±0.9 L∙min
−1
during static phase. At 30 m cardiac output values were 6.5±1.8 L∙min
−1
and 7.5±2 L∙min
−1
during descent and ascent, respectively (p<0.01), and 4.7±2.1 L∙min
−1
during static phase. Arterial O
2
saturation decreased with increasing dive depth, reaching 91.1±3.4% (
p
<0.001 vs. rest) upon emergence from a depth of 30 m. Blood lactate values increased to 4.1±1.2 mmol∙L
−1
at the end of the 30 m dive (
p
<0.001 vs. rest). Results seem to suggest that simultaneous activation of exercise and diving response could lead to an absence of cardiac output reduction aimed at an oxygen-conserving effect.</abstract><cop>Stuttgart · New York</cop><pub>Georg Thieme Verlag KG</pub><pmid>25429549</pmid><doi>10.1055/s-0034-1389969</doi><tpages>5</tpages></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | International journal of sports medicine, 2015-04, Vol.36 (4), p.297-301 |
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| language | eng |
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| subjects | Adult Blood Pressure Cardiac Output Cardiography, Impedance Diving - physiology Heart Rate Hemodynamics Humans Lactic Acid - blood Oxygen - blood Physiology & Biochemistry Stroke Volume |
| title | Cardiovascular Responses during Free-Diving in the Sea |
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