Formation of Thin Films of Organic–Inorganic Perovskites for High‐Efficiency Solar Cells

• Published in: Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2015-03, Vol.54 (11), p.3240-3248
• Main Authors: Stranks, Samuel D., Nayak, Pabitra K., Zhang, Wei, Stergiopoulos, Thomas, Snaith, Henry J.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: crystallinity; Efficiency; Energy conversion efficiency; Formations; morphology; organic–inorganic perovskites; Perovskites; Photovoltaic cells; photovoltaics; Precursors; Solar cells; Solar energy; Solvents; Thin films
• ISSN: 1433-7851; 1521-3773
• DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410214

Organic–inorganic perovskites are currently one of the hottest topics in photovoltaic (PV) research, with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of cells on a laboratory scale already competing with those of established thin‐film PV technologies. Most enhancements have been achieved by improving the quality of the perovskite films, suggesting that the optimization of film formation and crystallization is of paramount importance for further advances. Here, we review the various techniques for film formation and the role of the solvents and precursors in the processes. We address the role chloride ions play in film formation of mixed‐halide perovskites, which is an outstanding question in the field. We highlight the material properties that are essential for high‐efficiency operation of solar cells, and identify how further improved morphologies might be achieved. Quality of films: Most performance enhancements of organic–inorganic perovskite photovoltaics have been achieved through improved film quality. In this Minireview, various techniques for the formation of such films and the role of the solvent and precursors in the process are discussed, highlighting the material properties that are essential for high‐efficiency solar cell operation.