Early biting of the Anopheles gambiae s.s. and its challenges to vector control using insecticide treated nets in western Kenya highlands

• Published in: Acta tropica 2015-10, Vol.150, p.136-142
• Main Authors: Wamae, P.M., Githeko, A.K., Otieno, G.O., Kabiru, E.W., Duombia, S.O.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; Anopheles - physiology; Anopheles gambiae; Circadian Rhythm; Feeding Behavior; Female; Housing; Humans; Insect Vectors - physiology; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; ITN; Kenya - epidemiology; Malaria - prevention & control; Mosquito biting time; Mosquito Control; Sporozoites; Vector control
• ISSN: 0001-706X; 1873-6254
• DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.07.008

[Display omitted] •Female An. gambiae s.l. constituted the dominant malaria vector species collected.•The rate of biting on humans by adult female An. gambiae s.l. on humans was more intense from 21:00 to 06:00h.•Anopheles gambiae s.s. constituted the majority species in the Anopheles gambiae complex.•Humans are the preferred blood meal host for An. gambiae s.l. mosquitoes. Long term use of insecticides in malaria vector control has been shown to alter the behavior of vectors. Such behavioral shifts have the potential of undermining the effectiveness of insecticide-based control interventions. The effects of insecticide treated nets (ITNs) use on the composition, biting/feeding and sporozoite rates of Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes in Musilongo village, Vihiga County of western Kenya highlands were investigated. Adult mosquitoes were collected in selected sleeping spaces inside six randomly selected houses using miniature Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps. Mosquito sampling in each house was conducted twice every week for 16 consecutive months (May 2010–August 2012). At each sampling a single trap was set in the selected space inside each house such that it collected mosquitoes alternatively from 18:00 to 21:00h and 21:00 to 06:00h every week. All collected mosquitoes were morphologically identified. Female Anopheles mosquitoes were classified according to their physiological status as unfed, fed, partially gravid and gravid, sorted and counted. Members of the A. gambiae complex were identified using a Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine blood meal sources and Plasmodium infection rates in A. gambiae s.l. mosquitoes. Blood meal tests were conducted on DNA extracted from gut contents of blood fed A. gambiae s.l. The head and thorax section of dried samples of A. gambiae s.l. were used in testing for the presence of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoites. Overall, 735 adult female Anopheles comprising 708 [96.3%] A. gambiae s.l. and 27 [3.7%] Anopheles funestus mosquitoes were collected. A. gambiae s.l. population collected comprised, 615 [86.9%] unfed and 38 [5.4%] fed adult mosquitoes. The rest were either partially or fully gravid. The proportion of A. gambiae s.l. biting indoors within 18:00–21:00h was 15.8% (103/653) at a rate of 3.2bites per person per hour compared to 84.2% biting from 21:00-06:00h at a rate of 3.8 bites/per/h. An estimated 97.7% A. gambia