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Using Microwave Satellite Data to Assess Changes in Storminess over the Pacific Ocean
This study analyzes 25 years of Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) retrievals of rain rate and wind speed to assess changes in storminess over the open water of the Pacific Ocean. Changes in storminess are characterized by combining trends in both the statistically derived 95th percentile excee...
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Published in: | Monthly weather review 2015-08, Vol.143 (8), p.3214-3229 |
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description | This study analyzes 25 years of Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) retrievals of rain rate and wind speed to assess changes in storminess over the open water of the Pacific Ocean. Changes in storminess are characterized by combining trends in both the statistically derived 95th percentile exceedance frequencies of rain rate and wind speed (i.e., extremes). Storminess is computed annually and seasonally, with further partitioning done by phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index and the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) index. Overall, rain-rate exceedance frequencies of 6–8 mm h−1 cover most of the western and central tropical Pacific, with higher values present around the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, and the northwest coast of Australia. Wind speed exceedance frequencies are a strong function of latitude, with values less (greater) than 12 m s−1 equatorward (poleward) of 30°N/S. Statistically significant increasing trends in rain rate were found in the western tropical Pacific near the Caroline Islands and the Solomon Islands, and in the extratropics from the Aleutian Islands down the coast along British Columbia and Washington State. Statistically significant increasing trends in wind speed are present in the equatorial central Pacific near Kiribati and the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), and in the extratropics along the west coast of the United States and Canada. Thus, while extreme rain and winds are both increasing across large areas of the Pacific, these areas are modulated according to the phase of ENSO and the PDO, and their intersection takes aim at specific locations. |
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Changes in storminess are characterized by combining trends in both the statistically derived 95th percentile exceedance frequencies of rain rate and wind speed (i.e., extremes). Storminess is computed annually and seasonally, with further partitioning done by phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index and the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) index. Overall, rain-rate exceedance frequencies of 6–8 mm h−1 cover most of the western and central tropical Pacific, with higher values present around the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, and the northwest coast of Australia. Wind speed exceedance frequencies are a strong function of latitude, with values less (greater) than 12 m s−1 equatorward (poleward) of 30°N/S. Statistically significant increasing trends in rain rate were found in the western tropical Pacific near the Caroline Islands and the Solomon Islands, and in the extratropics from the Aleutian Islands down the coast along British Columbia and Washington State. Statistically significant increasing trends in wind speed are present in the equatorial central Pacific near Kiribati and the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), and in the extratropics along the west coast of the United States and Canada. 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Changes in storminess are characterized by combining trends in both the statistically derived 95th percentile exceedance frequencies of rain rate and wind speed (i.e., extremes). Storminess is computed annually and seasonally, with further partitioning done by phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index and the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) index. Overall, rain-rate exceedance frequencies of 6–8 mm h−1 cover most of the western and central tropical Pacific, with higher values present around the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, and the northwest coast of Australia. Wind speed exceedance frequencies are a strong function of latitude, with values less (greater) than 12 m s−1 equatorward (poleward) of 30°N/S. Statistically significant increasing trends in rain rate were found in the western tropical Pacific near the Caroline Islands and the Solomon Islands, and in the extratropics from the Aleutian Islands down the coast along British Columbia and Washington State. Statistically significant increasing trends in wind speed are present in the equatorial central Pacific near Kiribati and the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), and in the extratropics along the west coast of the United States and Canada. Thus, while extreme rain and winds are both increasing across large areas of the Pacific, these areas are modulated according to the phase of ENSO and the PDO, and their intersection takes aim at specific locations.</description><subject>Atmospheric precipitations</subject><subject>Beaches</subject><subject>Climate change</subject><subject>Coastal environments</subject><subject>El Nino</subject><subject>El Nino phenomena</subject><subject>El Nino-Southern Oscillation event</subject><subject>Extreme weather</subject><subject>Islands</subject><subject>Meteorological satellites</subject><subject>Oceans</subject><subject>Oscillations</subject><subject>Pacific Decadal Oscillation</subject><subject>Pacific Ocean</subject><subject>Precipitation</subject><subject>Rain</subject><subject>Remote sensing systems</subject><subject>Satellite data</subject><subject>Sensors</subject><subject>Southern Oscillation</subject><subject>Special Sensor Microwave Imager</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><subject>Storms</subject><subject>Trends</subject><subject>Weather</subject><subject>Wind</subject><subject>Wind speed</subject><subject>Winds</subject><issn>0027-0644</issn><issn>1520-0493</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqNkc1PAjEQxRujiYjePTbx4mV1pu1ut0cCfiUQjEg8Nt2lCyWwi-2C8b-3iCcPxtMkb355eTOPkEuEG0SZ3o7eXpJBgiIBYHnUjkgHUwYJCMWPSSeqMoFMiFNyFsISALJMsA6ZToOr53TkSt98mJ2lE9Pa1cq1lg5Ma2jb0F4INgTaX5h6bgN1NZ20jV-7eq82O-tpu7D02ZSuciUdl9bU5-SkMqtgL35ml0zv7177j8lw_PDU7w2TUoBsE8UhTU3OgSnFJVPVrJjZjKUVSINxY7nIYmZkaYE8R8y4SRmWCsEUKGcF75Lrg-_GN-9bG1q9dqGM-U1tm23QKDFXXEiU_0BBocwZyyJ69QtdNltfx0M0y5lkUikp_6KiFxdcotpTcKDif0PwttIb79bGf2oEvS9Ox-L0QKPQ38Vp5F9Ix4eC</recordid><startdate>20150801</startdate><enddate>20150801</enddate><creator>Kruk, Michael C</creator><creator>Hilburn, Kyle</creator><creator>Marra, John J</creator><general>American Meteorological 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Microwave Satellite Data to Assess Changes in Storminess over the Pacific Ocean</title><author>Kruk, Michael C ; Hilburn, Kyle ; Marra, John J</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c407t-93055a8302993729fdbde625f07a155ae346064125b1381163a521c910ab17db3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Atmospheric precipitations</topic><topic>Beaches</topic><topic>Climate change</topic><topic>Coastal environments</topic><topic>El Nino</topic><topic>El Nino phenomena</topic><topic>El Nino-Southern Oscillation event</topic><topic>Extreme weather</topic><topic>Islands</topic><topic>Meteorological satellites</topic><topic>Oceans</topic><topic>Oscillations</topic><topic>Pacific Decadal Oscillation</topic><topic>Pacific Ocean</topic><topic>Precipitation</topic><topic>Rain</topic><topic>Remote sensing systems</topic><topic>Satellite data</topic><topic>Sensors</topic><topic>Southern Oscillation</topic><topic>Special Sensor Microwave Imager</topic><topic>Statistical analysis</topic><topic>Storms</topic><topic>Trends</topic><topic>Weather</topic><topic>Wind</topic><topic>Wind speed</topic><topic>Winds</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Kruk, Michael C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hilburn, Kyle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marra, John J</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Aqualine</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Oceanic Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Military Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>STEM 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review</jtitle><date>2015-08-01</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>143</volume><issue>8</issue><spage>3214</spage><epage>3229</epage><pages>3214-3229</pages><issn>0027-0644</issn><eissn>1520-0493</eissn><coden>MWREAB</coden><abstract>This study analyzes 25 years of Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) retrievals of rain rate and wind speed to assess changes in storminess over the open water of the Pacific Ocean. Changes in storminess are characterized by combining trends in both the statistically derived 95th percentile exceedance frequencies of rain rate and wind speed (i.e., extremes). Storminess is computed annually and seasonally, with further partitioning done by phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index and the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) index. Overall, rain-rate exceedance frequencies of 6–8 mm h−1 cover most of the western and central tropical Pacific, with higher values present around the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, and the northwest coast of Australia. Wind speed exceedance frequencies are a strong function of latitude, with values less (greater) than 12 m s−1 equatorward (poleward) of 30°N/S. Statistically significant increasing trends in rain rate were found in the western tropical Pacific near the Caroline Islands and the Solomon Islands, and in the extratropics from the Aleutian Islands down the coast along British Columbia and Washington State. Statistically significant increasing trends in wind speed are present in the equatorial central Pacific near Kiribati and the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), and in the extratropics along the west coast of the United States and Canada. Thus, while extreme rain and winds are both increasing across large areas of the Pacific, these areas are modulated according to the phase of ENSO and the PDO, and their intersection takes aim at specific locations.</abstract><cop>Washington</cop><pub>American Meteorological Society</pub><doi>10.1175/MWR-D-14-00280.1</doi><tpages>16</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Atmospheric precipitations Beaches Climate change Coastal environments El Nino El Nino phenomena El Nino-Southern Oscillation event Extreme weather Islands Meteorological satellites Oceans Oscillations Pacific Decadal Oscillation Pacific Ocean Precipitation Rain Remote sensing systems Satellite data Sensors Southern Oscillation Special Sensor Microwave Imager Statistical analysis Storms Trends Weather Wind Wind speed Winds |
title | Using Microwave Satellite Data to Assess Changes in Storminess over the Pacific Ocean |
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