Ankaflavin from Monascus-Fermented Red Rice Exhibits Selective Cytotoxic Effect and Induces Cell Death on Hep G2 Cells

Monascus-fermented red rice has traditionally been used as a natural food colorant or food preservative of meat and fish for centuries. Recently, it has become a popular dietary supplement due to many of its bioactive constituents being discovered. Commercial Monascus-fermented red rice was used in...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2005-03, Vol.53 (6), p.1949-1954
Main Authors: Su, Nan-Wei, Lin, Yii-Lih, Lee, Min-Hsiung, Ho, Chen-Ying
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
ankaflavin
anticarcinogenic activity
Antineoplastic Agents - pharmacology
apoptosis
Apoptosis - drug effects
Biological and medical sciences
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
cell cycle
Cell Cycle - drug effects
cell lines
Cereal and baking product industries
cytotoxicity
Fermentation
fermented foods
fermented red rice
Flavins - pharmacology
Food industries
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
hepatoma
Humans
Liver Neoplasms
monascin
Monascus
Monascus - metabolism
Oryza - chemistry
Oryza - microbiology
Oryza sativa
Pezizales
pigments
rice
Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Summary:Monascus-fermented red rice has traditionally been used as a natural food colorant or food preservative of meat and fish for centuries. Recently, it has become a popular dietary supplement due to many of its bioactive constituents being discovered. Commercial Monascus-fermented red rice was used in this study. According to the cell-based cytotoxicity assay, a compound with selective cytotoxicity was found and identified as ankaflavin. Ankaflavin was found to be toxic to human cancer cell lines Hep G2 and A549 with a similar IC50 value of 15 μg/mL, while it posed no significant toxicity to normal MRC-5 and WI-38 cells at the same concentration. For elucidating the possible mode of cell death, Hep G2 cells were treated with ankaflavin for 48 h to examine the morphological change of the chromatin. Chromosomal condensation and fragmentation were found, and a significant sub-G1 peak was found by flow cytometry. Apoptosis was therefore suggested as the possible mechanism. Monascin, an analogue of ankaflavin, was also tested in this study. However, it showed no cytotoxicity and did not induce death of Hep G2 cells. Keywords: Angkak; Monascus; ankaflavin; monascin; cytotoxicity; apoptosis
ISSN:0021-8561
1520-5118
DOI:10.1021/jf048310e