Growth from Birth to Early Adolescence in Offspring Prenatally Exposed to Cigarettes and Marijuana

Weight, height, and head circumference were examined in children from birth to early adolescence for whom prenatal exposure to marijuana and cigarettes had been ascertained. The subjects were from a low-risk, predominantly middle-class sample participating in an ongoing longitudinal study. The negat...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Neurotoxicology and teratology 1999-09, Vol.21 (5), p.513-525
Main Authors: Fried, Peter A, Watkinson, Barbara, Gray, Robert
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Analysis of Variance
Biological and medical sciences
Birth Weight - drug effects
Birthweight
Body Height - drug effects
Body Weight - drug effects
Breast Feeding
Cannabis
Cannabis - adverse effects
Child
Child Development - drug effects
Child, Preschool
Cigarettes
Cohort Studies
Drug addictions
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Growth
Growth - drug effects
Humans
Infant
Infant, Newborn
intrauterine exposure
Longitudinal Studies
Male
Marijuana
Medical sciences
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Trimester, Third
Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
Smoking - adverse effects
Tobacco Smoke Pollution - adverse effects
Toxicology
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Summary:Weight, height, and head circumference were examined in children from birth to early adolescence for whom prenatal exposure to marijuana and cigarettes had been ascertained. The subjects were from a low-risk, predominantly middle-class sample participating in an ongoing longitudinal study. The negative association between growth measures at birth and prenatal cigarette exposure was overcome, sooner in males than females, within the first few years, and by the age of six, the children of heavy smokers were heavier than control subjects. Pre and postnatal environmental tobacco smoke did not have a negative effect upon the growth parameters; however, the choice of bottle-feeding or shorter duration of breast-feeding by women who smoked during pregnancy appeared to play an important positive role in the catch-up observed among the infants of smokers. Prenatal exposure to marijuana was not significantly related to any growth measures at birth, although a smaller head circumference observed at all ages reached statistical significance among the early adolescents born to the heavy marijuana users.
ISSN:0892-0362
1872-9738
DOI:10.1016/S0892-0362(99)00009-4