Wolves, elk, willows, and trophic cascades in the upper Gallatin Range of Southwestern Montana, USA

We summarized the status of wolves ( Canis lupus), elk ( Cervis elaphus), and woody browse conditions during the 20th century for the upper Gallatin elk winter range in southwestern Montana, USA. During this period, wolves were present until about the mid-1920s, absent for seven decades, and then re...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Forest ecology and management 2004-10, Vol.200 (1), p.161-181
Main Authors: Ripple, William J., Beschta, Robert L.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animal and plant ecology
Animal, plant and microbial ecology
Biological and medical sciences
botanical composition
Cervus elaphus
chronosequences
Elk
endangered species
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
habitats
height
Herbivory
montane forests
Predation risk
Salix
Salix boothi
Synecology
Terrestrial ecosystems
tree growth
Trophic cascades
trophic relationships
understory
Willows
Wolves
Yellowstone National Park
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Summary:We summarized the status of wolves ( Canis lupus), elk ( Cervis elaphus), and woody browse conditions during the 20th century for the upper Gallatin elk winter range in southwestern Montana, USA. During this period, wolves were present until about the mid-1920s, absent for seven decades, and then returned to the basin in 1996. A chronosequence of photographs, historical reports, and studies indicated willows ( Salix spp.) along streams became heavily browsed and eventually suppressed following the removal of wolves, apparently due to unimpeded browsing by elk. However, after wolf establishment in 1996, browsing intensity on willows lessened in some areas and we hypothesized that, at both a landscape and fine scale, browsing pressure reflects terrain configurations influencing predation risk (nonlethal effects), in conjunction with lower elk densities (lethal effects). We measured browsing intensity and heights of Booth willow ( S. boothii) along 3000 m reaches of the Gallatin River and a tributary to examine the potential influence of wolf/elk interactions upon willow growth. Where the Gallatin Valley is relatively narrow (high predation risk), willows began releasing in 1999 and by 2002 were relatively tall (150–250 cm). In contrast, willow heights along a wider portion of the Gallatin Valley, along the open landscape of the tributary, and an upland site (all low predation risk) generally remained low (
ISSN:0378-1127
1872-7042
DOI:10.1016/j.foreco.2004.06.017