Kolaviron was protective against sodium azide (NaN3) induced oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortex

• Published in: Metabolic brain disease 2016-02, Vol.31 (1), p.25-35
• Main Authors: Olajide, Olayemi J., Enaibe, Bernard U., Bankole, Oluwamolakun O., Akinola, Oluwole B., Laoye, Babafemi J., Ogundele, Olalekan M.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; Antioxidants - chemistry; Antioxidants - pharmacology; Behavior, Animal - drug effects; Biochemistry; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomedicine; Brain Chemistry - drug effects; Cell Cycle - drug effects; Exploratory Behavior - drug effects; Flavonoids - chemistry; Flavonoids - pharmacology; Garcinia kola - chemistry; Macrophage Activation - drug effects; Metabolic Diseases; Neurofilament Proteins - metabolism; Neuroglia - drug effects; Neurology; Neurosciences; Nigeria; Oncology; Oxidative Stress - drug effects; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase - metabolism; Plant Extracts - chemistry; Plant Extracts - pharmacology; Prefrontal Cortex - drug effects; Prefrontal Cortex - metabolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Research Article; Sodium Azide - antagonists & inhibitors; Sodium Azide - toxicity
• ISSN: 0885-7490; 1573-7365
• DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9674-0

Kolaviron is a phytochemical isolated from Garcina kola (G. kola); a common oral masticatory agent in Nigeria (West Africa). It is a bioflavonoid used - as an antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant - in relieving the symptoms of several diseases and infections. In this study we have evaluated the neuroprotective and regenerative effect of kolaviron in neurons of the prefrontal cortex (Pfc) before or after exposure to sodium azide (NaN 3 ) induced oxidative stress. Separate groups of animals were treated as follows; kolaviron (200 mg/Kg) for 21 days; kolaviron (200 mg/Kg for 21 days) followed by NaN 3 treatment (20 mg/Kg for 5 days); NaN 3 treatment (20 mg/Kg for 5 days) followed by kolaviron (200 mg/Kg for 21 days); 1 ml of corn-oil (21 days-vehicle); NaN 3 treatment (20 mg/Kg for 5 days). Exploratory activity associated with Pfc function was assessed in the open field test (OFT) following which the microscopic anatomy of the prefrontal cortex was examined in histology (Haematoxylin and Eosin) and antigen retrieval Immunohistochemistry to show astroglia activation (GFAP), neuronal metabolism (NSE), cytoskeleton (NF) and cell cycle dysregulation (p53). Subsequently, we quantified the level of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the brain tissue homogenate as a measure of stress-related glucose metabolism. Kolaviron (Kv) and Kolaviron/NaN 3 treatment caused no prominent change in astroglia density and size while NaN 3 and NaN 3 /Kv induced astroglia activation and scar formation (astrogliosis) in the Pfc when compared with the control. Similarly, Kolaviron and Kv/NaN 3 did not alter NSE expression (glucose metabolism) while NaN 3 and NaN 3 /Kv treatment increased cortical NSE expression; thus indicating stress related metabolism. Further studies on enzymes of glucose metabolism (G6PDH and LDH) showed that NaN 3 increased LDH while kolaviron reduced LDH in the brain tissue homogenate (P