Portable LED fluorescence instrumentation for the rapid assessment of potable water quality

• Published in: The Science of the total environment 2015-08, Vol.524-525, p.338-346
• Main Authors: Bridgeman, J., Baker, A., Brown, D., Boxall, J.B.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Assessments; Bacteria; Correlation; Drinking water; Drinking Water - chemistry; Environmental Monitoring - instrumentation; Fluorescence; LEDs; Lighting; Methylobacterium; Microbial matter; Microorganisms; Organic matter; Potable water; Potable water quality; Rhodococcus; Sphingobium; Water Pollutants - analysis; Water quality
• ISSN: 0048-9697; 1879-1026
• DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.050

Characterising the organic and microbial matrix of water are key issues in ensuring a safe potable water supply. Current techniques only confirm water quality retrospectively via laboratory analysis of discrete samples. Whilst such analysis is required for regulatory purposes, it would be highly beneficial to monitor water quality in-situ in real time, enabling rapid water quality assessment and facilitating proactive management of water supply systems. A novel LED-based instrument, detecting fluorescence peaks C and T (surrogates for organic and microbial matter, respectively), was constructed and performance assessed. Results from over 200 samples taken from source waters through to customer tap from three UK water companies are presented. Excellent correlation was observed between the new device and a research grade spectrophotometer (r2=0.98 and 0.77 for peak C and peak T respectively), demonstrating the potential of providing a low cost, portable alternative fluorimeter. The peak C/TOC correlation was very good (r2=0.75) at low TOC levels found in drinking water. However, correlations between peak T and regulatory measures of microbial matter (2day/3day heterotrophic plate counts (HPC), E. coli, and total coliforms) were poor, due to the specific nature of these regulatory measures and the general measure of peak T. A more promising correlation was obtained between peak T and total bacteria using flow cytometry. Assessment of the fluorescence of four individual bacteria isolated from drinking water was also considered and excellent correlations found with peak T (Sphingobium sp. (r2=0.83); Methylobacterium sp. (r2=1.0); Rhodococcus sp. (r2=0.86); Xenophilus sp. (r2=0.96)). It is notable that each of the bacteria studied exhibited different levels of fluorescence as a function of their number. The scope for LED based instrumentation for in-situ, real time assessment of the organic and microbial matrix of potable water is clearly demonstrated. •LED fluorimeter developed for accurate assessment of potable water quality•Device offers potential to promote a proactive means of monitoring water quality.•4 bacteria isolated from water show a clear and different response between strains.