Copulatory Plug Displacement and Prolonged Copulation in the Iberian Rock Lizard (Lacerta monticola)

Male Iberian rock lizards (Lacerta monticola) produce copulatory plugs that adhere firmly inside the female cloaca and occlude both oviducts. These plugs do not prevent rival male insemination, as they neither reduce female attractiveness or receptivity to rival males nor do they function as "c...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 2004-07, Vol.56 (3), p.290-297
Main Authors: Moreira, Pedro L., Birkhead, Tim R.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Amphibia and reptilia
Animal ethology
Animal reproduction
Biological and medical sciences
Cloaca
Competition
Female animals
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
Insemination
Lacerta monticola
Lizards
Male animals
Males
Mating behavior
Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry
Reptiles
Rocks
Secretion
Sperm competition
Spermatozoa
Vertebrata
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Summary:Male Iberian rock lizards (Lacerta monticola) produce copulatory plugs that adhere firmly inside the female cloaca and occlude both oviducts. These plugs do not prevent rival male insemination, as they neither reduce female attractiveness or receptivity to rival males nor do they function as "chastity belts". Prior to copulation, males bite various regions of the female body, including the cloacal region. A previous plug in the female cloaca is expelled only after rival male intromission. We hypothesized that: (1) such male pre-copulatory behaviours function to loosen plug adherence to the female cloaca, thereby facilitating intromission, and that (2) the hemipenis plays a role in displacing a previous plug prior to the delivery of a new plug. Neither of these hypotheses was supported. Instead, our results indicate that rival males can intromit the hemipenis past a previous plug in the female cloaca and deliver their own plug underneath it. Consequently, previous plugs are pushed away from the oviductal openings and even dislodged from the female cloaca. Copulation duration was determined both by the time used by males to deliver a plug and by the fact that males prolonged copulation beyond plug delivery. There seemed to be sexual conflict over prolonged copulation, which was resolved by the male/female head-length ratio. The adaptive value of Iberian rock lizard copulatory plugs and prolonged copulation in Iberian rock lizards is discussed in the context of sperm competition.
ISSN:0340-5443
1432-0762
DOI:10.1007/s00265-004-0786-5