Clinical prospects of long noncoding RNAs as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in prostate cancer

• Published in: Prostate cancer and prostatic diseases 2016-03, Vol.19 (1), p.14-20
• Main Authors: Mouraviev, V, Lee, B, Patel, V, Albala, D, Johansen, T E B, Partin, A, Ross, A, Perera, R J
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 13/105; 13/51; 13/89; 38/43; 38/89; 38/90; 45/43; 45/90; 45/91; 692/308; 692/53; Antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense RNA; Biological markers; Biomarkers; Biomarkers, Tumor - genetics; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomedicine; Cancer Research; Cell proliferation; Deoxyribozymes; Development and progression; Diagnosis; Epithelial cells; Epithelium; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Genetic aspects; Health aspects; Health services; Humans; Male; Metastases; Molecular Targeted Therapy - methods; Non-coding RNA; Oligonucleotides; Prognosis; Prostate cancer; Prostatic Neoplasms - genetics; Prostatic Neoplasms - pathology; Prostatic Neoplasms - therapy; review; Ribozymes; RNA, Long Noncoding - genetics; Therapeutic applications; Therapeutic targets; Transient receptor potential proteins; Tumor markers; Tumors
• ISSN: 1365-7852; 1476-5608
• DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2015.48

Background: The lack of sensitive and specific biomarkers for prostate cancer (PCa) has led to over-diagnosis and overtreatment with uncertain benefit. Therefore, biomarkers for early diagnosis that can distinguish aggressive from indolent tumors and that can detect metastatic or recurrent disease are needed. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-protein-coding RNA species. lncRNAs are dysregulated in many diseases including PCa and are emerging as major players in cancer development. lncRNAs have several features that make then suitable as both biomarkers and therapeutics, and lncRNAs regulate critical cancer hallmarks in prostate epithelial cells including proliferation and survival. Methods: The PubMed database was searched using the terms 'long noncoding RNA', 'biomarker' and 'prostate cancer'. Known lncRNAs implicated as biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in PCa are reviewed. Results: We comprehensively review several lncRNAs with potential as biomarkers for PCa. lncRNAs including PCA3 , PCAT s, SChLAP1 , SPRY4-IT1 and TRPM2-AS are upregulated in PCa and are cancer specific; they are, therefore, attractive lead candidate biomarkers for clinical application. Several lncRNA therapeutics are currently being investigated by several companies for the treatment of various cancers including PCa. Small interfering RNAs, antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, deoxyribozymes and aptemers are few promising technologies for future lncRNA bases therapeutics. Conclusion: lncRNA expression is altered in cancer. Aberrant regulation promotes tumor formation, progression and metastasis. lncRNAs can use as tumor markers for PCa and may be attractive novel therapeutic targets for the diagnosis and treatment of PCa.