Childhood Maltreatment, Shame-Proneness and Self-Criticism in Social Anxiety Disorder: A Sequential Mediational Model

• Published in: Clinical psychology and psychotherapy 2015-11, Vol.22 (6), p.570-579
• Main Authors: Shahar, Ben, Doron, Guy, Szepsenwol, Ohad
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Child; Child Abuse - psychology; Child Abuse - statistics & numerical data; Childhood Maltreatment; Defense Mechanisms; Emotional Abuse; Female; Humans; Israel - epidemiology; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Psychological; Phobic Disorders - epidemiology; Phobic Disorders - psychology; Self Concept; Self-Criticism; Shame; Shame-Proneness; Social Anxiety Disorder; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult
• ISSN: 1063-3995; 1099-0879
• DOI: 10.1002/cpp.1918

Previous research has shown a robust link between emotional abuse and neglect with social anxiety symptoms. However, the mechanisms through which these links operate are less clear. We hypothesized a model in which early experiences of abuse and neglect create aversive shame states, internalized into a stable shame‐based cognitive–affective schema. Self‐criticism is conceptualized as a safety strategy designed to conceal flaws and prevent further experiences of shame. However, self‐criticism maintains negative self‐perceptions and insecurity in social situations. To provide preliminary, cross‐sectional support for this model, a nonclinical community sample of 219 adults from Israel (110 females, mean age = 38.7) completed measures of childhood trauma, shame‐proneness, self‐criticism and social anxiety symptoms. A sequential mediational model showed that emotional abuse, but not emotional neglect, predicted shame‐proneness, which in turn predicted self‐criticism, which in turn predicted social anxiety symptoms. These results provide initial evidence supporting the role of shame and self‐criticism in the development and maintenance of social anxiety disorder. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key Practitioner Message Previous research has shown that histories of emotional abuse and emotional neglect predict social anxiety symptoms, but the mechanisms that underlie these associations are not clear. Using psycho‐evolutionary and emotion‐focused perspectives, the findings of the current study suggest that shame and self‐criticism play an important role in social anxiety and may mediate the link between emotional abuse and symptoms. These findings also suggest that therapeutic interventions specifically targeting shame and self‐criticism should be incorporated into treatments for social anxiety, especially with socially anxious patients with abuse histories.