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Spatio‐temporal characteristics of the recent rainfall recovery in West Africa
ABSTRACT Using daily (monthly) rainfall data from 167 (254) stations across West Africa with at least 80% data availability for the 31‐year period 1980–2010 and the gridded African Rainfall Climatology Version 2 (ARC2) for the period 1983–2010, linear trends in yearly and monthly rainfall totals wer...
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Published in: | International journal of climatology 2015-12, Vol.35 (15), p.4589-4605 |
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creator | Sanogo, Souleymane Fink, Andreas H. Omotosho, Jerome A. Ba, Abdramane Redl, Robert Ermert, Volker |
description | ABSTRACT
Using daily (monthly) rainfall data from 167 (254) stations across West Africa with at least 80% data availability for the 31‐year period 1980–2010 and the gridded African Rainfall Climatology Version 2 (ARC2) for the period 1983–2010, linear trends in yearly and monthly rainfall totals were investigated. Measures of the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) and two rainy season onset and retreat definitions were employed to assess the corresponding trends in frequency and intensity of daily rainfall and changes to monsoon season length. A rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis yielded two homogeneous rainfall regions, the Sahel and Guinea Coast, in terms of interannual to decadal rainfall variability, and this led to analysis of station data and Standardised Precipitation Index for the two regions. Results show that the majority of stations in the Sahel between the West Coast and 15°E shows a statistically significant positive rainfall trend for annual totals. The August–October period exhibits the largest rainfall recovery in the Sahel and the date of the retreat of the rainy season significantly moved later into the year by 2 days decade−1. The recovery is reflected both in more rainy days associated with longer wet spell duration and more extreme rainfall events. Trends along the Guinea Coast are weak and non‐significant except for extreme rainfall related indices. This missing significance is partly related to the hiatus in rainfall increase in the 1990s, but also to the larger interannual rainfall variability. However, the tendency towards a more intense second rainy season suggests a later withdrawal of rains from the West African subcontinent. ARC2 trends are broadly consistent where ground calibration was undertaken, but are dubious for Nigeria and Ghana, and especially for the Guinea, Jos and Cameroon Line highlands due to missing gauge data. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1002/joc.4309 |
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Using daily (monthly) rainfall data from 167 (254) stations across West Africa with at least 80% data availability for the 31‐year period 1980–2010 and the gridded African Rainfall Climatology Version 2 (ARC2) for the period 1983–2010, linear trends in yearly and monthly rainfall totals were investigated. Measures of the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) and two rainy season onset and retreat definitions were employed to assess the corresponding trends in frequency and intensity of daily rainfall and changes to monsoon season length. A rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis yielded two homogeneous rainfall regions, the Sahel and Guinea Coast, in terms of interannual to decadal rainfall variability, and this led to analysis of station data and Standardised Precipitation Index for the two regions. Results show that the majority of stations in the Sahel between the West Coast and 15°E shows a statistically significant positive rainfall trend for annual totals. The August–October period exhibits the largest rainfall recovery in the Sahel and the date of the retreat of the rainy season significantly moved later into the year by 2 days decade−1. The recovery is reflected both in more rainy days associated with longer wet spell duration and more extreme rainfall events. Trends along the Guinea Coast are weak and non‐significant except for extreme rainfall related indices. This missing significance is partly related to the hiatus in rainfall increase in the 1990s, but also to the larger interannual rainfall variability. However, the tendency towards a more intense second rainy season suggests a later withdrawal of rains from the West African subcontinent. ARC2 trends are broadly consistent where ground calibration was undertaken, but are dubious for Nigeria and Ghana, and especially for the Guinea, Jos and Cameroon Line highlands due to missing gauge data.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0899-8418</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1097-0088</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/joc.4309</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</publisher><subject>empirical orthogonal function ; ETCCDI climate extreme indices ; Marine ; onset and retreat dates ; rainfall intensity ; rainfall recovery ; trend analysis ; West Africa</subject><ispartof>International journal of climatology, 2015-12, Vol.35 (15), p.4589-4605</ispartof><rights>2015 Royal Meteorological Society</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3269-fe5c6bb3d1520f4a02015f525e3c040bfb8e87b9f50d99b05a6e416b900cbdd63</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3269-fe5c6bb3d1520f4a02015f525e3c040bfb8e87b9f50d99b05a6e416b900cbdd63</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Sanogo, Souleymane</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fink, Andreas H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Omotosho, Jerome A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ba, Abdramane</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Redl, Robert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ermert, Volker</creatorcontrib><title>Spatio‐temporal characteristics of the recent rainfall recovery in West Africa</title><title>International journal of climatology</title><description>ABSTRACT
Using daily (monthly) rainfall data from 167 (254) stations across West Africa with at least 80% data availability for the 31‐year period 1980–2010 and the gridded African Rainfall Climatology Version 2 (ARC2) for the period 1983–2010, linear trends in yearly and monthly rainfall totals were investigated. Measures of the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) and two rainy season onset and retreat definitions were employed to assess the corresponding trends in frequency and intensity of daily rainfall and changes to monsoon season length. A rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis yielded two homogeneous rainfall regions, the Sahel and Guinea Coast, in terms of interannual to decadal rainfall variability, and this led to analysis of station data and Standardised Precipitation Index for the two regions. Results show that the majority of stations in the Sahel between the West Coast and 15°E shows a statistically significant positive rainfall trend for annual totals. The August–October period exhibits the largest rainfall recovery in the Sahel and the date of the retreat of the rainy season significantly moved later into the year by 2 days decade−1. The recovery is reflected both in more rainy days associated with longer wet spell duration and more extreme rainfall events. Trends along the Guinea Coast are weak and non‐significant except for extreme rainfall related indices. This missing significance is partly related to the hiatus in rainfall increase in the 1990s, but also to the larger interannual rainfall variability. However, the tendency towards a more intense second rainy season suggests a later withdrawal of rains from the West African subcontinent. ARC2 trends are broadly consistent where ground calibration was undertaken, but are dubious for Nigeria and Ghana, and especially for the Guinea, Jos and Cameroon Line highlands due to missing gauge data.</description><subject>empirical orthogonal function</subject><subject>ETCCDI climate extreme indices</subject><subject>Marine</subject><subject>onset and retreat dates</subject><subject>rainfall intensity</subject><subject>rainfall recovery</subject><subject>trend analysis</subject><subject>West Africa</subject><issn>0899-8418</issn><issn>1097-0088</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp10M1KAzEQAOAgCtYq-AgBL162TnY3u8mxFH8pVFDxuCTZCU3ZbmqyVXrzEXxGn8StFQTB0zDMNz8MIacMRgwgvVh4M8ozkHtkwECWCYAQ-2QAQspE5EwckqMYFwAgJSsG5P5hpTrnP98_OlyufFANNXMVlOkwuNg5E6m3tJsjDWiw7WhQrrWqaba5f8Wwoa6lzxg7OrbBGXVMDvpyxJOfOCRPV5ePk5tkOru-nYynicnSQiYWuSm0zmrGU7C5ghQYtzzlmBnIQVstUJRaWg61lBq4KjBnhZYARtd1kQ3J-W7uKviXdb-_WrposGlUi34dK1YK4EyUsuzp2R-68OvQ9tf1ipc8lTzNfwea4GMMaKtVcEsVNhWDavvavstU29f2NNnRN9fg5l9X3c0m3_4LVLZ61g</recordid><startdate>201512</startdate><enddate>201512</enddate><creator>Sanogo, Souleymane</creator><creator>Fink, Andreas H.</creator><creator>Omotosho, Jerome A.</creator><creator>Ba, Abdramane</creator><creator>Redl, Robert</creator><creator>Ermert, Volker</creator><general>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</general><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TN</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7U6</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>SOI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201512</creationdate><title>Spatio‐temporal characteristics of the recent rainfall recovery in West Africa</title><author>Sanogo, Souleymane ; Fink, Andreas H. ; Omotosho, Jerome A. ; Ba, Abdramane ; Redl, Robert ; Ermert, Volker</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3269-fe5c6bb3d1520f4a02015f525e3c040bfb8e87b9f50d99b05a6e416b900cbdd63</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>empirical orthogonal function</topic><topic>ETCCDI climate extreme indices</topic><topic>Marine</topic><topic>onset and retreat dates</topic><topic>rainfall intensity</topic><topic>rainfall recovery</topic><topic>trend analysis</topic><topic>West Africa</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Sanogo, Souleymane</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fink, Andreas H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Omotosho, Jerome A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ba, Abdramane</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Redl, Robert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ermert, Volker</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Oceanic Abstracts</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Sustainability Science Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><jtitle>International journal of climatology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Sanogo, Souleymane</au><au>Fink, Andreas H.</au><au>Omotosho, Jerome A.</au><au>Ba, Abdramane</au><au>Redl, Robert</au><au>Ermert, Volker</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Spatio‐temporal characteristics of the recent rainfall recovery in West Africa</atitle><jtitle>International journal of climatology</jtitle><date>2015-12</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>35</volume><issue>15</issue><spage>4589</spage><epage>4605</epage><pages>4589-4605</pages><issn>0899-8418</issn><eissn>1097-0088</eissn><abstract>ABSTRACT
Using daily (monthly) rainfall data from 167 (254) stations across West Africa with at least 80% data availability for the 31‐year period 1980–2010 and the gridded African Rainfall Climatology Version 2 (ARC2) for the period 1983–2010, linear trends in yearly and monthly rainfall totals were investigated. Measures of the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) and two rainy season onset and retreat definitions were employed to assess the corresponding trends in frequency and intensity of daily rainfall and changes to monsoon season length. A rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis yielded two homogeneous rainfall regions, the Sahel and Guinea Coast, in terms of interannual to decadal rainfall variability, and this led to analysis of station data and Standardised Precipitation Index for the two regions. Results show that the majority of stations in the Sahel between the West Coast and 15°E shows a statistically significant positive rainfall trend for annual totals. The August–October period exhibits the largest rainfall recovery in the Sahel and the date of the retreat of the rainy season significantly moved later into the year by 2 days decade−1. The recovery is reflected both in more rainy days associated with longer wet spell duration and more extreme rainfall events. Trends along the Guinea Coast are weak and non‐significant except for extreme rainfall related indices. This missing significance is partly related to the hiatus in rainfall increase in the 1990s, but also to the larger interannual rainfall variability. However, the tendency towards a more intense second rainy season suggests a later withdrawal of rains from the West African subcontinent. ARC2 trends are broadly consistent where ground calibration was undertaken, but are dubious for Nigeria and Ghana, and especially for the Guinea, Jos and Cameroon Line highlands due to missing gauge data.</abstract><cop>Chichester, UK</cop><pub>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</pub><doi>10.1002/joc.4309</doi><tpages>17</tpages></addata></record> |
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subjects | empirical orthogonal function ETCCDI climate extreme indices Marine onset and retreat dates rainfall intensity rainfall recovery trend analysis West Africa |
title | Spatio‐temporal characteristics of the recent rainfall recovery in West Africa |
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