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Results of efforts by the Convention on Biological Diversity to describe ecologically or biologically significant marine areas

In 2004, Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) addressed a United Nations (UN) call for area-based planning, including for marine-protected areas that resulted in a global effort to describe ecologically or biologically significant marine areas (EBSAs). We summarized the results, a...

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Published in:Conservation biology 2016-06, Vol.30 (3), p.571-581
Main Authors: Bax, Nicholas J., Cleary, Jesse, Donnelly, Ben, Dunn, Daniel C., Dunstan, Piers K., Fuller, Mike, Halpin, Patrick N.
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description In 2004, Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) addressed a United Nations (UN) call for area-based planning, including for marine-protected areas that resulted in a global effort to describe ecologically or biologically significant marine areas (EBSAs). We summarized the results, assessed their consistency, and evaluated the process developed by the Secretariat of the CBD to engage countries and experts in 9 regional workshops held from 2011 to 2014. Experts from 92 countries and 79 regional or international bodies participated. They considered 250 million km² of the world's ocean area (two-thirds of the total). The 204 areas they examined in detail differed widely in area (from 5.5 km² to 11.1 million km²). Despite the initial focus of the CBD process on areas outside national jurisdiction, only 31 of the areas examined were solely outside national jurisdiction. Thirty-five extended into national jurisdictions, 137 were solely within national jurisdictions, and 28 included the jurisdictions of more than 1 country (1 area lacked precise boundaries). Data were sufficient to rank 88-99% of the areas relative to each of the 7 criteria for EBSAs agreed to previously by Parties to the CBD. The naturalness criterion ranked high for a smaller percentage of the EBSAs (31%) than other criteria (51-70%), indicating the difficulty in finding relatively undisturbed areas in the ocean. The highly participatory nature of the workshops, including easy and consistent access to the relevant information facilitated by 2 technical teams, contributed to the workshop participants success in identifying areas that could be ranked relative to most criteria and areas that extend across jurisdictional boundaries. The formal recognition of workshop results by the Conference of Parties to the CBD resulted in these 204 areas being identified as EBSAs by the 196 Parties. They represent the only suite of marine areas recognized by the international community for their greater importance for biodiversity it is their importance for biodiversity itself not conservation as process explicitly excluded management issues than their surroundings. This comes at a critical juncture in negotiations at the UN that will consider developing a new implementation agreement under UN Convention of the Law of the Sea to support the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction. The EBSA description process is a good example of how
doi_str_mv 10.1111/cobi.12649
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We summarized the results, assessed their consistency, and evaluated the process developed by the Secretariat of the CBD to engage countries and experts in 9 regional workshops held from 2011 to 2014. Experts from 92 countries and 79 regional or international bodies participated. They considered 250 million km² of the world's ocean area (two-thirds of the total). The 204 areas they examined in detail differed widely in area (from 5.5 km² to 11.1 million km²). Despite the initial focus of the CBD process on areas outside national jurisdiction, only 31 of the areas examined were solely outside national jurisdiction. Thirty-five extended into national jurisdictions, 137 were solely within national jurisdictions, and 28 included the jurisdictions of more than 1 country (1 area lacked precise boundaries). Data were sufficient to rank 88-99% of the areas relative to each of the 7 criteria for EBSAs agreed to previously by Parties to the CBD. The naturalness criterion ranked high for a smaller percentage of the EBSAs (31%) than other criteria (51-70%), indicating the difficulty in finding relatively undisturbed areas in the ocean. The highly participatory nature of the workshops, including easy and consistent access to the relevant information facilitated by 2 technical teams, contributed to the workshop participants success in identifying areas that could be ranked relative to most criteria and areas that extend across jurisdictional boundaries. The formal recognition of workshop results by the Conference of Parties to the CBD resulted in these 204 areas being identified as EBSAs by the 196 Parties. They represent the only suite of marine areas recognized by the international community for their greater importance for biodiversity it is their importance for biodiversity itself not conservation as process explicitly excluded management issues than their surroundings. This comes at a critical juncture in negotiations at the UN that will consider developing a new implementation agreement under UN Convention of the Law of the Sea to support the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction. The EBSA description process is a good example of how to bring the international community together to build a shared understanding of which ocean areas are particularly valuable to biodiversity. En 2004, las Partes para la Convención sobre la Diversidad Biológica (CDB) señalaron un llamado de las Naciones Unidas (ONU) para la planeación con base en áreas, el cual incluía la descripción de áreas marinas ecológica y biológicamente significativas (EBSAs, en inglés) como resultado de un esfuerzo global. Resumimos los resultados, valoramos su consistencia y evaluamos el proceso desarrollado por el Secretariado de la CDB para involucrar a los países y a los expertos en el tema en nueve talleres regionales, los cuales se llevaron a cabo de 2011 a 2014. En ellos participaron los expertos de 92 países y 79 cuerpos regionales o internacionales. Los expertos consideraron 250 millones de km² del área oceánica global (dos tercios del total). Las 204 áreas que examinaron a detalle difirieron ampliamente en el área (desde 5.5 km² a 11.1 millones de km²). A pesar del enfoque inicial del proceso de la CDB sobre las áreas fuera de la jurisdicción nacional, sólo 31 de las áreas examinadas estuvieron completamente fuera de alguna jurisdicción nacional. Del total de áreas examinadas, 35 áreas se extendían dentro de una jurisdicción nacional, 137 estaban únicamente dentro de alguna jurisdicción nacional y 28 incluían las jurisdicción de más de un país (un área carecía de fronteras específicas). Los datos fueron suficientes para clasificar 88-99% de las áreas en relación a cada uno de los siete criterios para establecer EBSAs, los cuales ya habían sido acordados previamente por las Partes de la CDB. El criterio de naturalidad fue más alto para un porcentaje más pequeño de EBSAs (31%) que otros criterios (51-70%), lo que indica la dificultad de encontrar áreas relativamente poco perturbadas en el océano. La naturaleza altamente participativa de los talleres, incluyendo el acceso fácil y continuo a la información proporcionada por los dos equipos técnicos, contribuyó al éxito de los participantes en la identificación de áreas que podrían estar clasificadas en relación al mayor número de criterios y de áreas que se extienden a lo largo de fronteras jurídicas. El reconocimiento formal de los resultados de los talleres por parte de la Conferencia de Partes de la CDB derivó en que se identificara a estas 204 áreas como EBSAs por parte de las 196 Partes. Estas representan el único conjunto de áreas marinas reconocido por la comunidad internacional por su gran importancia para la conservación de la biodiversidad y su entorno. Esto llega en un momento crítico en las negociaciones de la ONU para considerar el desarrollo de un nuevo acuerdo de implementación bajo la Convención de la ONU para la Ley del Mar, el cual apoyará la conservación y el uso sustentable de la diversidad biológica marina más allá de las áreas de jurisdicción nacional. El proceso de descripción de EBSAs es un buen ejemplo de cómo unir a la comunidad internacional para la construcción de un entendimiento compartido de cuáles áreas oceánicas son particularmente valiosas para la biodiversidad.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0888-8892</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1523-1739</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12649</identifier><identifier>PMID: 26507117</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Aquatic ecology ; area-based management ; areas beyond national jurisdiction ; biodiversidad ; Biodiversity ; Conservation ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Conservation Practice and Policy ; Convención sobre la Diversidad Biológica ; Convention on Biological Diversity ; EBSA ; Humans ; manejo basado en áreas ; Oceans and Seas ; United Nations ; áreas más allá de la jurisdicción nacional</subject><ispartof>Conservation biology, 2016-06, Vol.30 (3), p.571-581</ispartof><rights>2016 Society for Conservation Biology</rights><rights>2015 The Authors. published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society for Conservation Biology.</rights><rights>2015 The Authors. 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We summarized the results, assessed their consistency, and evaluated the process developed by the Secretariat of the CBD to engage countries and experts in 9 regional workshops held from 2011 to 2014. Experts from 92 countries and 79 regional or international bodies participated. They considered 250 million km² of the world's ocean area (two-thirds of the total). The 204 areas they examined in detail differed widely in area (from 5.5 km² to 11.1 million km²). Despite the initial focus of the CBD process on areas outside national jurisdiction, only 31 of the areas examined were solely outside national jurisdiction. Thirty-five extended into national jurisdictions, 137 were solely within national jurisdictions, and 28 included the jurisdictions of more than 1 country (1 area lacked precise boundaries). Data were sufficient to rank 88-99% of the areas relative to each of the 7 criteria for EBSAs agreed to previously by Parties to the CBD. The naturalness criterion ranked high for a smaller percentage of the EBSAs (31%) than other criteria (51-70%), indicating the difficulty in finding relatively undisturbed areas in the ocean. The highly participatory nature of the workshops, including easy and consistent access to the relevant information facilitated by 2 technical teams, contributed to the workshop participants success in identifying areas that could be ranked relative to most criteria and areas that extend across jurisdictional boundaries. The formal recognition of workshop results by the Conference of Parties to the CBD resulted in these 204 areas being identified as EBSAs by the 196 Parties. They represent the only suite of marine areas recognized by the international community for their greater importance for biodiversity it is their importance for biodiversity itself not conservation as process explicitly excluded management issues than their surroundings. This comes at a critical juncture in negotiations at the UN that will consider developing a new implementation agreement under UN Convention of the Law of the Sea to support the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction. The EBSA description process is a good example of how to bring the international community together to build a shared understanding of which ocean areas are particularly valuable to biodiversity. En 2004, las Partes para la Convención sobre la Diversidad Biológica (CDB) señalaron un llamado de las Naciones Unidas (ONU) para la planeación con base en áreas, el cual incluía la descripción de áreas marinas ecológica y biológicamente significativas (EBSAs, en inglés) como resultado de un esfuerzo global. Resumimos los resultados, valoramos su consistencia y evaluamos el proceso desarrollado por el Secretariado de la CDB para involucrar a los países y a los expertos en el tema en nueve talleres regionales, los cuales se llevaron a cabo de 2011 a 2014. En ellos participaron los expertos de 92 países y 79 cuerpos regionales o internacionales. Los expertos consideraron 250 millones de km² del área oceánica global (dos tercios del total). Las 204 áreas que examinaron a detalle difirieron ampliamente en el área (desde 5.5 km² a 11.1 millones de km²). A pesar del enfoque inicial del proceso de la CDB sobre las áreas fuera de la jurisdicción nacional, sólo 31 de las áreas examinadas estuvieron completamente fuera de alguna jurisdicción nacional. Del total de áreas examinadas, 35 áreas se extendían dentro de una jurisdicción nacional, 137 estaban únicamente dentro de alguna jurisdicción nacional y 28 incluían las jurisdicción de más de un país (un área carecía de fronteras específicas). Los datos fueron suficientes para clasificar 88-99% de las áreas en relación a cada uno de los siete criterios para establecer EBSAs, los cuales ya habían sido acordados previamente por las Partes de la CDB. El criterio de naturalidad fue más alto para un porcentaje más pequeño de EBSAs (31%) que otros criterios (51-70%), lo que indica la dificultad de encontrar áreas relativamente poco perturbadas en el océano. La naturaleza altamente participativa de los talleres, incluyendo el acceso fácil y continuo a la información proporcionada por los dos equipos técnicos, contribuyó al éxito de los participantes en la identificación de áreas que podrían estar clasificadas en relación al mayor número de criterios y de áreas que se extienden a lo largo de fronteras jurídicas. El reconocimiento formal de los resultados de los talleres por parte de la Conferencia de Partes de la CDB derivó en que se identificara a estas 204 áreas como EBSAs por parte de las 196 Partes. Estas representan el único conjunto de áreas marinas reconocido por la comunidad internacional por su gran importancia para la conservación de la biodiversidad y su entorno. Esto llega en un momento crítico en las negociaciones de la ONU para considerar el desarrollo de un nuevo acuerdo de implementación bajo la Convención de la ONU para la Ley del Mar, el cual apoyará la conservación y el uso sustentable de la diversidad biológica marina más allá de las áreas de jurisdicción nacional. El proceso de descripción de EBSAs es un buen ejemplo de cómo unir a la comunidad internacional para la construcción de un entendimiento compartido de cuáles áreas oceánicas son particularmente valiosas para la biodiversidad.</description><subject>Aquatic ecology</subject><subject>area-based management</subject><subject>areas beyond national jurisdiction</subject><subject>biodiversidad</subject><subject>Biodiversity</subject><subject>Conservation</subject><subject>Conservation of Natural Resources</subject><subject>Conservation Practice and Policy</subject><subject>Convención sobre la Diversidad Biológica</subject><subject>Convention on Biological Diversity</subject><subject>EBSA</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>manejo basado en áreas</subject><subject>Oceans and Seas</subject><subject>United Nations</subject><subject>áreas más allá de la jurisdicción nacional</subject><issn>0888-8892</issn><issn>1523-1739</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2016</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>24P</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkc1rFDEYh4Modlu9eFcCXkSYmo9JMjl217YWVgtVEbyETOadmnV2UpOZ6l782013ulU8iCGQvLxPnpD8EHpCySHN45ULtT-kTJb6HppRwXhBFdf30YxUVVVUlWZ7aD-lFSFEC1o-RHtMCqIoVTP08wLS2A0JhxZD24aYt_UGD18AL0J_Df3gQ4_znPvQhUvvbIdf-2uIyQ8ZC7iB5KKvAYPbAd0Gh4hr_0ed_GXv21z0A17b6HvANoJNj9CD1nYJHt-uB-jjyfGHxZtieX56tjhaFk4IpguQFqSz4EhFoAEBFTScgOVWcAtK1bzVljjXCgGUaQbAaNmwRrla1lJLfoBeTN6rGL6NkAaz9slB19kewpgMVZpoqTkp_wOtVKnKqqQZff4Xugpj7PNDtlSWsu3dLyfKxZBShNZcRZ8_YWMoMTcBmpsAzTbADD-7VY71Gpo7dJdYBugEfPcdbP6hMovz-dlO-nQ6s0pDiL-dpZJEVyL3i6nv0wA_7vo2fjVScSXMp3enZnnylr2fX3w2jP8C0jXA5A</recordid><startdate>201606</startdate><enddate>201606</enddate><creator>Bax, Nicholas J.</creator><creator>Cleary, Jesse</creator><creator>Donnelly, Ben</creator><creator>Dunn, Daniel C.</creator><creator>Dunstan, Piers K.</creator><creator>Fuller, Mike</creator><creator>Halpin, Patrick N.</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>Wiley Periodicals Inc</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>24P</scope><scope>WIN</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7U6</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H95</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201606</creationdate><title>Results of efforts by the Convention on Biological Diversity to describe ecologically or biologically significant marine areas</title><author>Bax, Nicholas J. ; 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We summarized the results, assessed their consistency, and evaluated the process developed by the Secretariat of the CBD to engage countries and experts in 9 regional workshops held from 2011 to 2014. Experts from 92 countries and 79 regional or international bodies participated. They considered 250 million km² of the world's ocean area (two-thirds of the total). The 204 areas they examined in detail differed widely in area (from 5.5 km² to 11.1 million km²). Despite the initial focus of the CBD process on areas outside national jurisdiction, only 31 of the areas examined were solely outside national jurisdiction. Thirty-five extended into national jurisdictions, 137 were solely within national jurisdictions, and 28 included the jurisdictions of more than 1 country (1 area lacked precise boundaries). Data were sufficient to rank 88-99% of the areas relative to each of the 7 criteria for EBSAs agreed to previously by Parties to the CBD. The naturalness criterion ranked high for a smaller percentage of the EBSAs (31%) than other criteria (51-70%), indicating the difficulty in finding relatively undisturbed areas in the ocean. The highly participatory nature of the workshops, including easy and consistent access to the relevant information facilitated by 2 technical teams, contributed to the workshop participants success in identifying areas that could be ranked relative to most criteria and areas that extend across jurisdictional boundaries. The formal recognition of workshop results by the Conference of Parties to the CBD resulted in these 204 areas being identified as EBSAs by the 196 Parties. They represent the only suite of marine areas recognized by the international community for their greater importance for biodiversity it is their importance for biodiversity itself not conservation as process explicitly excluded management issues than their surroundings. This comes at a critical juncture in negotiations at the UN that will consider developing a new implementation agreement under UN Convention of the Law of the Sea to support the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction. The EBSA description process is a good example of how to bring the international community together to build a shared understanding of which ocean areas are particularly valuable to biodiversity. En 2004, las Partes para la Convención sobre la Diversidad Biológica (CDB) señalaron un llamado de las Naciones Unidas (ONU) para la planeación con base en áreas, el cual incluía la descripción de áreas marinas ecológica y biológicamente significativas (EBSAs, en inglés) como resultado de un esfuerzo global. Resumimos los resultados, valoramos su consistencia y evaluamos el proceso desarrollado por el Secretariado de la CDB para involucrar a los países y a los expertos en el tema en nueve talleres regionales, los cuales se llevaron a cabo de 2011 a 2014. En ellos participaron los expertos de 92 países y 79 cuerpos regionales o internacionales. Los expertos consideraron 250 millones de km² del área oceánica global (dos tercios del total). Las 204 áreas que examinaron a detalle difirieron ampliamente en el área (desde 5.5 km² a 11.1 millones de km²). A pesar del enfoque inicial del proceso de la CDB sobre las áreas fuera de la jurisdicción nacional, sólo 31 de las áreas examinadas estuvieron completamente fuera de alguna jurisdicción nacional. Del total de áreas examinadas, 35 áreas se extendían dentro de una jurisdicción nacional, 137 estaban únicamente dentro de alguna jurisdicción nacional y 28 incluían las jurisdicción de más de un país (un área carecía de fronteras específicas). Los datos fueron suficientes para clasificar 88-99% de las áreas en relación a cada uno de los siete criterios para establecer EBSAs, los cuales ya habían sido acordados previamente por las Partes de la CDB. El criterio de naturalidad fue más alto para un porcentaje más pequeño de EBSAs (31%) que otros criterios (51-70%), lo que indica la dificultad de encontrar áreas relativamente poco perturbadas en el océano. La naturaleza altamente participativa de los talleres, incluyendo el acceso fácil y continuo a la información proporcionada por los dos equipos técnicos, contribuyó al éxito de los participantes en la identificación de áreas que podrían estar clasificadas en relación al mayor número de criterios y de áreas que se extienden a lo largo de fronteras jurídicas. El reconocimiento formal de los resultados de los talleres por parte de la Conferencia de Partes de la CDB derivó en que se identificara a estas 204 áreas como EBSAs por parte de las 196 Partes. Estas representan el único conjunto de áreas marinas reconocido por la comunidad internacional por su gran importancia para la conservación de la biodiversidad y su entorno. Esto llega en un momento crítico en las negociaciones de la ONU para considerar el desarrollo de un nuevo acuerdo de implementación bajo la Convención de la ONU para la Ley del Mar, el cual apoyará la conservación y el uso sustentable de la diversidad biológica marina más allá de las áreas de jurisdicción nacional. El proceso de descripción de EBSAs es un buen ejemplo de cómo unir a la comunidad internacional para la construcción de un entendimiento compartido de cuáles áreas oceánicas son particularmente valiosas para la biodiversidad.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><pmid>26507117</pmid><doi>10.1111/cobi.12649</doi><tpages>11</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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identifier ISSN: 0888-8892
ispartof Conservation biology, 2016-06, Vol.30 (3), p.571-581
issn 0888-8892
1523-1739
language eng
recordid cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_1790969304
source JSTOR Archival Journals and Primary Sources Collection; Wiley-Blackwell Read & Publish Collection
subjects Aquatic ecology
area-based management
areas beyond national jurisdiction
biodiversidad
Biodiversity
Conservation
Conservation of Natural Resources
Conservation Practice and Policy
Convención sobre la Diversidad Biológica
Convention on Biological Diversity
EBSA
Humans
manejo basado en áreas
Oceans and Seas
United Nations
áreas más allá de la jurisdicción nacional
title Results of efforts by the Convention on Biological Diversity to describe ecologically or biologically significant marine areas
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