A review of developments in the electrodeposition of tin

• Published in: Surface & coatings technology 2016-02, Vol.288, p.79-94
• Main Authors: Walsh, F.C., Low, C.T.J.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Additives; Antioxidants; Coatings; Composite coating; Deposition; Deposits; Electrodeposition; Electrodes; Electrolytes; Hydroquinone; Multi-layer; Multilayers; Nanostructure; Rotating electrode; Stannate ion; Stannous ion
• ISSN: 0257-8972; 1879-3347
• DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.12.081

The importance of tin and its electrodeposition are summarised and the scope for plating tin is outlined. Established applications of electroplated tin include corrosion protection, electronics fabrication and cooking utensils. The past 20years have seen developments in the science and technology of tin plating, including research into nanostructured deposits, adoption of environmentally friendly methanesulfonic acid baths and more ambitious coatings including multi-layers and composites. Our ability to tailor deposit structure and composition has been improved by newer electrolytes, pulse plating and electrolyte additives. The diversity of tin applications has extended to lithium batteries using newer structures (such as composites, multi-layers and nanostructures), electrical control (e.g., pulsed current) and relative bath/electrode movement (including the use of rotating electrodes). Electrochemical aspects of modern tin deposition are illustrated by data from the authors' laboratory which highlights the versatility of methanesulfonic acid electrolytes. A wide range of deposit morphology, colour and surface finish are possible by the use of suitable addition agents and control of electrode/electrolyte movement and operating conditions. Subject areas needing further research work are identified. [Display omitted] •Types of aqueous electrolytes for pure tin deposits are reviewed.•The many existing and developing applications of tin deposits are summarised.•Emphasis is placed on versatile methanesulfonic acid electrolytes.•The effects of bath composition (including additives) and operating conditions on deposit morphology are illustrated.•Electrochemical studies at static and controlled flow rotating electrodes are illustrated.