Ionic liquid-based solid phase microextraction necklaces for the environmental monitoring of ketamine

•Monocationic and dicationic polymeric ionic liquid coatings for SPME.•Rapid SPME method for the environmental monitoring of ketamine. Superior performances of ionic liquids with respect to commercial coatings.•Development of wearable devices useful for forensic investigations. Wearable solid phase...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of Chromatography A 2014-02, Vol.1331, p.1-9
Main Authors: Bianchi, Federica, Bisceglie, Franco, Dugheri, Stefano, Arcangeli, Giulio, Cupelli, Vincenzo, del Borrello, Elia, Sidisky, Len, Careri, Maria
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Analysis methods
Analytical chemistry
Applied sciences
Atmospheric pollution
Chemistry
Chromatographic methods and physical methods associated with chromatography
Coating
Devices
Environmental monitoring
Exact sciences and technology
Extraction
Fibers
Gas chromatographic methods
Ionic liquids
Ketamine
Personal device
Pollution
Portable device
Rapid SPME
Sampling
Solid phases
Thermal stability
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Summary:•Monocationic and dicationic polymeric ionic liquid coatings for SPME.•Rapid SPME method for the environmental monitoring of ketamine. Superior performances of ionic liquids with respect to commercial coatings.•Development of wearable devices useful for forensic investigations. Wearable solid phase microextraction (SPME) devices consisting in necklaces and pins were developed for the environmental monitoring of ketamine in recreational places using ionic liquid as coating. SPME fibers obtained using both monocationic and dicationic polymeric ionic liquids were characterized in terms of morphology, film thickness, thermal stability and pH resistance. An average thickness of 30±5μm, an excellent thermal stability until 350°C and a very good fiber-to-fiber and batch-to-batch repeatability with RSD lower than 4% were some of the features of the developed coatings. A quantitation limit (LOQ) of 0.05mg/m3 with a sampling time of 1min proved the feasibility of the developed method for the quantitation of ketamine in air at low concentration levels. Finally, the capabilities of the fibers for the rapid SPME sampling of ketamine in recreational places were proved obtaining extraction efficiencies at least two-fold higher than those obtained using commercial devices and extraction recoveries ranging from 84.2±3.3% to 93.6±2.6% (n=3).
ISSN:0021-9673
DOI:10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.012