Female sex steroids: effects upon microglial cell activation

• Published in: Journal of neuroimmunology 2000-11, Vol.111 (1), p.77-85
• Main Authors: Drew, Paul D, Chavis, Janet A
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; b-estradiol; Cells, Cultured; Estradiol - pharmacology; estriol; Estriol - pharmacology; Estrogen; Female; Gene Expression - drug effects; Gene Expression - immunology; Interferon-gamma - metabolism; lipopolysaccharides; Lipopolysaccharides - pharmacology; Microglia; Microglia - cytology; Microglia - immunology; Microglia - metabolism; Multiple Sclerosis - drug therapy; Multiple Sclerosis - immunology; Multiple Sclerosis - metabolism; Nitric oxide; Nitric Oxide - metabolism; Nitric Oxide Synthase - genetics; Nitric Oxide Synthase - metabolism; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications - immunology; Progesterone; Progesterone - pharmacology; Rats; RNA, Messenger - metabolism; TNF-α; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - metabolism
• ISSN: 0165-5728; 1872-8421
• DOI: 10.1016/S0165-5728(00)00386-6

Multiple sclerosis occurs more commonly in females than males. However, the mechanisms resulting in gender differences in multiple sclerosis are unknown. Activated microglia are believed to contribute to multiple sclerosis pathology, perhaps in part due to production of nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-α, molecules which can be toxic to cells including oligodendrocytes. The current study demonstrates that the female sex steroids estriol, β-estradiol and progesterone inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction of nitric oxide (NO) production by primary rat microglia and by the mouse N9 microglial cell line. These hormones act by inhibiting the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) which catalyses the synthesis of NO. Estriol likely inhibits iNOS gene expression since the hormone blocks LPS induction of iNOS RNA levels. The pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α are believed to be important modulators of multiple sclerosis. Here, we demonstrate that estrogens and progesterone also inhibit NO production by microglial cells activated in response to these cytokines. Activated microglia elicit TNF-α in addition to NO and we further demonstrate that estrogens and progesterone repress TNF-α production by these cells. Finally, estriol and progesterone, at concentrations consistent with late pregnancy, inhibit NO and TNF-α production by activated microglia, suggesting that hormone inhibition of microglial cell activation may contribute to the decreased severity of multiple sclerosis symptoms commonly associated with pregnancy.