Occupational noise exposure and hearing loss of workers in two plants in eastern Saudi Arabia

• Published in: The Annals of occupational hygiene 2001-07, Vol.45 (5), p.371-380
• Main Authors: Ahmed, H.O, Dennis, J.H, Badran, O, Ismail, M, Ballal, S.G, Ashoor, A, Jerwood, D
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Biological and medical sciences; Cross-Sectional Studies; Effects of various physical factors on living matter (vibrations, electric field, ultrasound, sound...); Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; hearing loss; Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced - epidemiology; hearing protectors; Humans; impact noise; Male; Multivariate Analysis; noise; Noise, Occupational; Prevalence; Regression Analysis; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Saudi Arabia; Saudi Arabia - epidemiology; Tissues, organs and organisms biophysics
• ISSN: 0003-4878; 1475-3162
• DOI: 10.1016/S0003-4878(00)00051-X

Objective: To determine the prevalence of hearing loss associated with occupational noise exposure and other risk factors. Design: A cross-sectional study involving 269 exposed and 99 non-exposed subjects (non-industrial noise exposed subjects) randomly selected. Current noise exposure was estimated using both sound level meter and noise-dosimeter. Past noise exposure was estimated by interview questionnaire. Otoscopic examination and conventional frequency (0.25–8 kHz) audiometry were used to assess the hearing loss in each subject. Results: 75% (202 subjects) from the exposed group were exposed to a daily Leq above the permissible level of 85 dB(A) and most (61%) of these did not and had never used any form of hearing protecion. Hearing loss was found to be bilateral and symmetrical in both groups. Bivariate analysis showed a significant hearing loss in the exposed vs non-exposed subjects with a characteristic dip at 4 kHz. Thirty eight percent of exposed subjects had hearing impairment, which was an 8-fold higher rate than that found for non-exposed subjects. Multivariate analysis indicated exposure to noise was the primary, and age the secondary predictor of hearing loss. Odds of hearing impairment were lower for a small sub-group of exposed workers using hearing protection (N=19) in which logistic regression analysis showed the probability of workers adopting hearing protective devices increased with noise exposure, education, and awareness of noise control. Hearing loss was also greater amongst those who used headphones to listen to recorded cassettes. Conclusion: Gross occupational exposure to noise has been demonstrated to cause hearing loss and the authors believe that occupational hearing loss in Saudi Arabia is a widespread problem. Strategies of noise assessment and control are introduced which may help improve the work environment.