Environmental, public health, and safety assessment of fuel pipelines and other freight transportation modes

• Published in: Applied energy 2016-06, Vol.171, p.266-276
• Main Authors: Strogen, Bret, Bell, Kendon, Breunig, Hanna, Zilberman, David
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Air pollution; Construction costs; Economic input–output (EIO) analysis; Emission analysis; Externalities; Freight transportation; Gas pipelines; Greenhouse gas emissions; Life-cycle assessment (LCA); Occupational safety; Public health; Safety; Transportation infrastructure
• ISSN: 0306-2619; 1872-9118
• DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.02.059

•Externalities are examined for pipelines, truck, rail, and barge.•Safety impact factors include incidences of injuries, illnesses, and fatalities.•Environmental impact factors include CO2eq emissions and air pollution disease burden.•Externalities are estimated for constructing and operating a large domestic pipeline.•A large pipeline has lower cumulative impacts than other modes within ten years. The construction of pipelines along high-throughput fuel corridors can alleviate demand for rail, barge, and truck transportation. Pipelines have a very different externality profile than other freight transportation modes due to differences in construction, operation, and maintenance requirements; labor, energy, and material input intensity; location and profile of emissions from operations; and frequency and magnitude of environmental and safety incidents. Therefore, public policy makers have a strong justification to influence the economic viability of pipelines. We use data from prior literature and U.S. government statistics to estimate environmental, public health, and safety characterization factors for pipelines and other modes. In 2008, two pipeline companies proposed the construction of an ethanol pipeline from the Midwest to Northeast United States. This proposed project informs our case study of a 2735-km $3.5 billion pipeline (2009 USD), for which we evaluate potential long-term societal impacts including life-cycle costs, greenhouse gas emissions, employment, injuries, fatalities, and public health impacts. Although it may take decades to break even economically, and would result in lower cumulative employment, such a pipeline would likely have fewer safety incidents, pollution emissions, and health damages than the alternative multimodal system in less than ten years; these results stand even if comparing future cleaner ground transport modes to a pipeline that utilizes electricity produced from coal. Monetization of externalities can significantly enhance the value of a pipeline to society. In this study, a pipeline with a construction cost of $1.37million/km in 2014 USD and a NPV of revenue over 22.2years of $1.85million/km would be associated with $0.5–$1.3million/km in avoided negative externalities—the majority of which are expected from avoided air pollution-related deaths ($0.26–$1.0million/km) and avoided GHG emissions ($0.12–$0.19million/km).