Crystals and tablets in the Spanish ecstasy market 2000-2014: are they the same or different in terms of purity and adulteration?

Highlights • Crystal samples of ecstasy showed clear differences in relation to tablets. • Proportion of samples containing only MDMA was higher in crystals. • Caffeine was the main adulterant detected both in crystals and tablets. • Recent increase in the amount of MDMA in tablets was not observed...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Forensic science international 2016-06, Vol.263, p.164-168
Main Authors: Giné, Claudio Vidal, Vilamala, Mireia Ventura, Espinosa, Iván Fornís, Lladanosa, Cristina Gil, Álvarez, Núria Calzada, Fruitós, Ariadna Fitó, Rodríguez, Joan Rodríguez, Salvany, Antonia Domíngo, Fornell, Rafael de la Torre
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adulterants
Adulteration
Amphetamines
Analgesics
Caffeine
Chromatography
Crystallization
Crystals
Drug Contamination
Drug use
Drugs
Ecstasy
Forensic sciences
Format
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Hallucinogens - chemical synthesis
Humans
Illegal markets
Markets
MDMA
Music festivals
N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine - chemical synthesis
Pathology
Purity
Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
Street Drugs - chemical synthesis
Tablets
Thin layer chromatography
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Summary:Highlights • Crystal samples of ecstasy showed clear differences in relation to tablets. • Proportion of samples containing only MDMA was higher in crystals. • Caffeine was the main adulterant detected both in crystals and tablets. • Recent increase in the amount of MDMA in tablets was not observed in crystals. • Since 2009, the number of adulterants identified increased in both formats.
ISSN:0379-0738
1872-6283
DOI:10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.04.016