Developments on the implementation of the Three Rs in research and education

More than 40 years ago, Russell and Burch published their views on the implementation of the ‘Three Rs’ in animal experimentation. Since then, much has been achieved in this area. Recently, the European Science Foundation (ESF) has made a further step forward. In a position paper on the use of anima...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Toxicology in vitro 2001-08, Vol.15 (4), p.591-595
Main Authors: van Zutphen, L.F.M, van der Valk, J.B.F
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animal ethics committees
Animal Testing Alternatives
Animal Welfare - standards
Animal Welfare - trends
Animals
Biological and medical sciences
Education
ESF guidelines
Europe
European Science Foundation (ESF)
General aspects. Methods
Medical sciences
Public health. Hygiene
Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine
Publishing - standards
Teaching. Deontology. Ethics. Legislation
Toxicity Tests - standards
Toxicity Tests - trends
Toxicology
Toxicology - education
Toxicology - legislation & jurisprudence
Toxicology - methods
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Summary:More than 40 years ago, Russell and Burch published their views on the implementation of the ‘Three Rs’ in animal experimentation. Since then, much has been achieved in this area. Recently, the European Science Foundation (ESF) has made a further step forward. In a position paper on the use of animals, ESF has formulated what it sees as prerequisites for the humane use of animals in research, testing and education. In this paper, we briefly report on these ESF guidelines. Also, an overview is presented on European legislative regulations for the (ethical) review of research protocols and for the education and training of persons involved in animal experiments. The great diversity between countries is illustrated with some examples and the need for harmonization is emphasised. The paper ends by highlighting the special role that editorial boards of journals can play in the further implementation of the Three Rs.
ISSN:0887-2333
1879-3177
DOI:10.1016/S0887-2333(01)00065-0