Feasibility study for reconstructing the spatial‐temporal structure of TIDs from high‐resolution backscatter ionograms

• Published in: Radio science 2016-05, Vol.51 (5), p.443-453
• Main Authors: Nickisch, L. J., Fridman, Sergey, Hausman, Mark, San Antonio, Geoffrey S.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Assimilation; backscatter ionogram; Backscattering; Computer simulation; Data collection; Electron density; Electrons; Feasibility studies; Global positioning systems; GPS; HF propagation; High frequencies; High resolution; Ionograms; Ionosphere; Ionospheric electron density; Ionospheric sounding; Ionospherics; Leading edges; Mathematical analysis; Mathematical models; Over-the-horizon radar; Radar; Ray tracing; Scattering; traveling ionospheric disturbance; Traveling ionospheric disturbances
• ISSN: 0048-6604; 1944-799X
• DOI: 10.1002/2015RS005906

Over‐the‐horizon radar (OTHR) utilizes the reflective “sky wave” property of the ionosphere for high‐frequency radiowaves to illuminate targets at ranges extending to several thousand kilometers. However, the ionospheric “mirror” is not static but exhibits geographic, diurnal, seasonal, and solar cycle variations. NorthWest Research Associates has developed an ionospheric data assimilation capability called Global Positioning Satellite Ionospheric Inversion (GPSII; pronounced “gypsy”) that allows real‐time modeling of the ionospheric structure for the purpose of accurate coordinate registration (CR; OTHR geolocation). However, the ionosphere is routinely subjected to traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs), and the deflection of HF sky wave signals by unmodeled TIDs remains a troubling source of CR errors (tens of kilometers). Traditional OTHR tools for ionospheric sounding (vertical and backscatter ionograms) do not resolve the fine spatial structure associated with TIDs. The collection of backscatter ionograms using the full aperture of the OTHR was recently demonstrated, thus providing enhanced resolution in radar azimuth in comparison with conventional OTHR backscatter soundings that utilize only a fraction of the OTHR receiver array. Leading edges of such backscatter ionograms demonstrate prominent spatial features associated with TIDs. We investigate the feasibility of recovering TID perturbations of ionospheric electron density from high‐resolution backscatter ionograms. We incorporated a model of naturally occurring TIDs into a numerical ray tracing code that allows the generation of synthetic OTHR data. We augmented GPSII to assimilate time series of full‐aperture backscatter ionogram leading edge data. Results of the simulation show that GPSII is able to reproduce the TID structure used to generate the backscatter ionograms reasonably well. Key Points Traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) are evident on OTH radar backscatter ionograms Assimilation of backscatter ionogram leading edge data allows for 3‐D reconstruction of the TIDs Assimilation of backscatter ionogram leading edge data has been demonstrated in simulation