HIV-1 and hijacking of the host immune system: the current scenario

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a major health burden across the world which leads to the development of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). This review article discusses the prevalence of HIV, its major routes of transmission, natural immunity, and evasion from the host immu...

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Published in:APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica et immunologica Scandinavica microbiologica et immunologica Scandinavica, 2016-10, Vol.124 (10), p.817-831
Main Authors: Imran, Muhammad, Manzoor, Sobia, Saalim, Muhammad, Resham, Saleha, Ashraf, Javed, Javed, Aneela, Waqar, Ahmed Bilal
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
adaptive immune system
CD4+ T cells
HIV
HIV Infections - epidemiology
HIV Infections - immunology
HIV Infections - transmission
HIV Infections - virology
HIV-1
HIV-1 - physiology
Host-Pathogen Interactions
Human immunodeficiency virus
Humans
Immune Evasion
Immune system
innate immune system
intrinsic Immune system
Lentivirus
Retroviridae
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Summary:Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a major health burden across the world which leads to the development of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). This review article discusses the prevalence of HIV, its major routes of transmission, natural immunity, and evasion from the host immune system. HIV is mostly prevalent in Sub‐Saharan Africa and low income countries. It is mostly transmitted by sharing syringe needles, blood transfusion, and sexual routes. The host immune system is categorized into three main types; the innate, the adaptive, and the intrinsic immune system. Regarding the innate immune system against HIV, the key players are mucosal membrane, dendritic cells (DCs), complement system, interferon, and host Micro RNAs. The major components of the adaptive immune system exploited by HIV are T cells mainly CD4+ T cells and B cells. The intrinsic immune system confronted by HIV involves (apolipoprotein B mRNA‐editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide‐like 3G) APOBEC3G, tripartite motif 5‐α (TRIM5a), terherin, and (SAM‐domain HD‐domain containing protein) SAMHD1. HIV‐1 efficiently interacts with the host immune system, exploits the host machinery, successfully replicates and transmits from one cell to another. Further research is required to explore evasion strategies of HIV to develop novel therapeutic approaches against HIV.
ISSN:0903-4641
1600-0463
DOI:10.1111/apm.12579