Immunomodulatory properties of medicinal mushrooms: differential effects of water and ethanol extracts on NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity

Medicinal mushrooms have been used for centuries in Asian countries owing to their beneficial effects on health and longevity. Previous studies have reported that a single medicinal mushroom may produce both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on immune cells, depending on conditions, but the factors...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Innate immunity (London, England) England), 2016-10, Vol.22 (7), p.522-533
Main Authors: Lu, Chia-Chen, Hsu, Ya-Jing, Chang, Chih-Jung, Lin, Chuan-Sheng, Martel, Jan, Ojcius, David M, Ko, Yun-Fei, Lai, Hsin-Chih, Young, John D
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Agaricales - immunology
Agaricus blazei
Animals
Cell Line, Tumor
Cytotoxicity, Immunologic - drug effects
Ethanol - chemistry
Ganoderma lucidum
Hirsutella sinensis
Humans
Immunomodulation
Killer Cells, Natural - drug effects
Killer Cells, Natural - immunology
Medicine, East Asian Traditional
Mycelium
Neoplasms - immunology
Neoplasms - therapy
NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K - metabolism
p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases - metabolism
Perforin - metabolism
Plant Extracts - chemistry
Plant Extracts - pharmacology
Pneumoviridae
Signal Transduction
Water - chemistry
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Summary:Medicinal mushrooms have been used for centuries in Asian countries owing to their beneficial effects on health and longevity. Previous studies have reported that a single medicinal mushroom may produce both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on immune cells, depending on conditions, but the factors responsible for this apparent dichotomy remain obscure. We show here that water and ethanol extracts of cultured mycelium from various species (Agaricus blazei Murrill, Antrodia cinnamomea, Ganoderma lucidum and Hirsutella sinensis) produce opposite effects on NK cells. Water extracts enhance NK cell cytotoxic activity against cancer cells, whereas ethanol extracts inhibit cytotoxicity. Water extracts stimulate the expression and production of cytolytic proteins (perforin and granulysin) and NKG2D/NCR cell surface receptors, and activate intracellular signaling kinases (ERK, JNK and p38). In contrast, ethanol extracts inhibit expression of cytolytic and cell surface receptors. Our results suggest that the mode of extraction of medicinal mushrooms may determine the nature of the immunomodulatory effects produced on immune cells, presumably owing to the differential solubility of stimulatory and inhibitory mediators. These findings have important implications for the preparation of medicinal mushrooms to prevent and treat human diseases.
ISSN:1753-4259
1753-4267
DOI:10.1177/1753425916661402