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Perillaldehyde, a Promising Antifungal Agent Used in Food Preservation, Triggers Apoptosis through a Metacaspase-Dependent Pathway in Aspergillus flavus

In the present study, we provide detailed insights into perillaldehyde (PAE)’s mechanisms of action on Aspergillus flavus and offer evidence in favor of the induction of an apoptosis-like phenotype. Specifically, PAE’s antifungal mode of action was investigated through the detection of mitochondrial...

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Published in:Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2016-10, Vol.64 (39), p.7404-7413
Main Authors: Tian, Jun, Wang, Yanzhen, Lu, Zhaoqun, Sun, Chunhui, Zhang, Man, Zhu, Aihua, Peng, Xue
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container_end_page 7413
container_issue 39
container_start_page 7404
container_title Journal of agricultural and food chemistry
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creator Tian, Jun
Wang, Yanzhen
Lu, Zhaoqun
Sun, Chunhui
Zhang, Man
Zhu, Aihua
Peng, Xue
description In the present study, we provide detailed insights into perillaldehyde (PAE)’s mechanisms of action on Aspergillus flavus and offer evidence in favor of the induction of an apoptosis-like phenotype. Specifically, PAE’s antifungal mode of action was investigated through the detection of mitochondrial membrane potential (MtΔψ) and phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure, as well as intracellular Ca2+ level, reactive oxygen species accumulation, and metacaspase activation. This was done by way of fluorometry, measuring DNA fragmentation, and condensation by fluorescent microscopy. Furthermore, we searched for phenotypic changes characteristic of apoptosis by transmission electron microscopy and flow cytometry, determining the amount of cytochrome c released using Western blotting. Results indicated that cultivation of A. flavus in the presence of PAE caused depolarization of MtΔψ, rapid DNA condensation, large-scale DNA fragmentation, and an elevation of intracellular Ca2+ level. The percentage of early apoptotic cells with exposure of PS were 27.4% and 48.7%, respectively, after 9 h incubations with 0.25 and 0.5 μL/mL of PAE. The percentage of stained cells with activated intracellular metacaspases exposed to PAE at concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 μL/mL compared with control subjects were increased by 28.4 ± 3.25% and 37.9 ± 4.24%, respectively. The above results has revealed that PAE induces fungal apoptosis through a caspase-dependent mitochondrial pathway. In all, our findings provide a novel mechanism for exploring a possible antifungal agent used in food preservation.
doi_str_mv 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03546
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subjects Apoptosis - drug effects
Aspergillus flavus - drug effects
Caspases - metabolism
DNA Fragmentation
Food Preservation
Fungicides, Industrial - chemistry
Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial
Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
Mitochondria - chemistry
Monoterpenes - pharmacology
Phosphatidylserines - chemistry
title Perillaldehyde, a Promising Antifungal Agent Used in Food Preservation, Triggers Apoptosis through a Metacaspase-Dependent Pathway in Aspergillus flavus
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