Cell phone conversations and child pedestrian’s crossing behavior; a simulator study

• Published in: Safety science 2016-11, Vol.89, p.36-44
• Main Authors: Tapiro, Hagai, Oron-Gilad, Tal, Parmet, Yisrael
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adults; Age; Cell phone; Cell phones; Child; Children; Conversation; Distractions; Eye tracking; Pedestrian; Pedestrians; Road crossing; Roads; Simulation; Virtual environment; Visual attention
• ISSN: 0925-7535; 1879-1042
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2016.05.013

•Cell phone conversations jeopardize pedestrians’ ability to safely cross the road.•Cell phone conversations affect children and adults’ crossing abilities similarly.•Pedestrians’ visual attention distribution changes when busy with a phone conversation.•The ability to cross the road safely is age related.•Children aged 11–13 showed safe crossing performance, yet differ from adults. Child pedestrians are highly represented in fatal and severe road crashes and differ in their crossing behavior from adults. Although many children carry cell phones, the effect that cell phone conversations have on children’s crossing behavior has not been thoroughly examined. A comparison of children and adult pedestrians’ crossing behavior while engaged in cell phone conversations was conducted. In a semi-immersive virtual environment simulating a typical city, 14 adults and 38 children (11 children aged 7–8; 18 aged 9–10 and 9 aged 11–13), experienced road crossing related traffic-scene scenarios. They were requested to press a response button whenever they felt it was safe to cross. Eye movements were tracked. Results have shown that all age groups’ crossing behaviors were affected by cell phone conversations. When busy with more cognitively demanding conversation types, participants were slower to react to a crossing opportunity, chose smaller crossing gaps, and allocated less visual attention to the peripheral regions of the scene. The ability to make better crossing decisions improved with age, but no interaction with cell phone conversation type was found. The most prominent improvement was shown in ‘safety gap’; each age group maintained a longer gap than its predecessor younger age group. In accordance to the current study, it is safe to say that cell phone conversations can hinder child and adult pedestrians’ safety. Thereby, it is important to take those findings in account when aiming to train young pedestrians for road-safety and increase public awareness.