Forces shaping the Drosophila wing

How genes encode the three-dimensional shape of tissues is a fascinating problem in biology. Pioneering genetic studies in the fruit fly Drosophila have identified key genes that control the generation of force patterns in the developing wing. Shortrange force patterns generated by planar polarised...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Mechanisms of development 2017-04, Vol.144 (Pt A), p.23-32
Main Authors: Diaz de la Loza, M.C., Thompson, B.J.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Apoptosis
Biomechanical Phenomena
Body Patterning - genetics
Cell Division
Cell Polarity
Drosophila melanogaster - genetics
Drosophila melanogaster - growth & development
Drosophila melanogaster - metabolism
Drosophila Proteins - genetics
Drosophila Proteins - metabolism
Epithelial Cells - cytology
Epithelial Cells - metabolism
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
Larva - genetics
Larva - growth & development
Larva - metabolism
Models, Biological
Pupa - genetics
Pupa - growth & development
Pupa - metabolism
Wings, Animal - cytology
Wings, Animal - growth & development
Wings, Animal - metabolism
Wnt1 Protein - genetics
Wnt1 Protein - metabolism
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Summary:How genes encode the three-dimensional shape of tissues is a fascinating problem in biology. Pioneering genetic studies in the fruit fly Drosophila have identified key genes that control the generation of force patterns in the developing wing. Shortrange force patterns generated by planar polarised myosins can promote boundary formation and tissue elongation during the larval wing disc stage. Long-range force patterns are also crucial to shaping the wing during the pupal stage. We review the different ways in which both local and global force patterns can be generated, such as: patterned acto-myosin contractility, patterned anchorage to the extracellular matrix, and patterned tissue growth. In all cases, the balance between force, mass, and resistance explains how the resulting mechanical response produces particular tissue forms—a point underscored by the ability of computer simulations of tissue mechanics to reproduce such morphogenetic events. •Epithelial topology emerges from the balance between contractility and adhesion•Increased apical contractility or compression induces apoptosis•Increased apical stretching induces proliferation•Planar polarised apical contractility across a tissue induces tissue elongation•Global stretching forces across a tissue induce tissue elongation
ISSN:0925-4773
1872-6356
DOI:10.1016/j.mod.2016.10.003