Increased Salivary Nitric Oxide and G6PD Activity in Refugees with Anxiety and Stress

Anxiety and stress are related to physiological changes in humans. Accumulating evidence suggests a cross‐talk between psychiatric disorders and oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to compare oxidative stress and defensive antioxidant biomarkers in a group of refugees with acute anxiet...

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Published in:Stress and health 2016-10, Vol.32 (4), p.435-440
Main Authors: Gammoh, Omar S., Al-Smadi, Ahmed, Al-Awaida, Wajdy, Badr, Mujtaba M., Qinna, Nidal A.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adult
Anxiety
Anxiety - metabolism
Anxiety - physiopathology
Biomarkers
Cross-Sectional Studies
Dehydrogenase
Female
G6PD
Glucose
Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
Glucose-6-phosphate
Glucosephosphate dehydrogenase
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase - metabolism
Humans
Iraq - ethnology
Jordan - ethnology
Male
Mental disorders
Nitric oxide
Nitric Oxide - metabolism
Oxidative stress
Oxidative Stress - physiology
Phosphate
Physiology
Psychology
Refugees
Saliva
Stress
Stress concentration
Stress, Psychological - metabolism
Stress, Psychological - physiopathology
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Summary:Anxiety and stress are related to physiological changes in humans. Accumulating evidence suggests a cross‐talk between psychiatric disorders and oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to compare oxidative stress and defensive antioxidant biomarkers in a group of refugees with acute anxiety and stress with a group of local Jordanians. The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM‐A) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) Arabic version were used to assess anxiety and stress respectively. Salivary nitric oxide concentration, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity and total salivary protein were compared. As expected, refugees showed higher anxiety and stress scores compared with Jordanians. Also, we report a significant increase in salivary nitric oxide and G6PD activity in the refugee group while total protein concentration did not vary between the two groups. This is the first study that demonstrates an increase in nitric oxide and G6PD activity in the saliva of refugees, thus highlighting their potential role as possible biomarkers in anxiety and stress disorders. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ISSN:1532-3005
1532-2998
DOI:10.1002/smi.2666