The infamous among us: Enhanced reputational memory for uncooperative ingroup members

• Published in: Cognition 2016-12, Vol.157, p.1-13
• Main Authors: Hechler, Stefanie, Neyer, Franz J., Kessler, Thomas
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Cheating; Cognition & reasoning; Cooperation; Cooperative Behavior; Deception; Face recognition; Facial Recognition; Female; Games, Experimental; Group identity; Humans; Ingroup bias; Ingroup cooperation; Interpersonal Relations; Male; Memory; Memory bias; Minimal groups; Pattern recognition; Person memory; Social behavior; Social Perception; Source memory; Young Adult
• ISSN: 0010-0277; 1873-7838
• DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.08.001

•Uncooperative ingroup members violate expectations of ingroup cooperation.•Minimal group manipulation modulates memory for particular targets and their behavior (reputational memory).•Reputational memory for uncooperative ingroup members is better than for uncooperative outgroup members or other targets.•Guessing and group impressions indicate ingroup bias. People remember uncooperative individuals better than cooperative ones. We hypothesize that this is particularly true when uncooperative individuals belong to one’s ingroup, as their behavior violates positive expectations. Two studies examined the effect of minimal group categorization on reputational memory of the social behavior of particular ingroup and outgroup members. We manipulated uncooperative behavior as the unfair sharing of resources with ingroup members (Study 1), or as descriptions of cheating (Study 2). Participants evaluated several uncooperative and cooperative (and neutral) ingroup and outgroup members. In a surprise memory test, they had to recognize target faces and recall their behavior. We disentangled face recognition, reputational memory, and guessing biases with multinomial models of source monitoring. The results show enhanced reputational memory for uncooperative ingroup members, but not uncooperative outgroup members. In contrast, guessing behavior indicated that participants assumed more ingroup cooperation than outgroup cooperation. Our findings integrate prior research on memory for uncooperative person behavior and person memory in group contexts. We suggest that the ability to remember the uncooperative amidst the supposedly cooperative ingroup could stabilize intragroup cooperation.