Chiral Superstructure Mesophases of Achiral Bent‐Shaped Molecules – Hierarchical Chirality Amplification and Physical Properties

• Published in: Advanced materials (Weinheim) 2017-07, Vol.29 (25), p.n/a
• Main Authors: Le, Khoa V., Takezoe, Hideo, Araoka, Fumito
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Alignment; Amplification; bent‐core liquid crystals; Binary systems; Chirality; Circularity; Confinement; dark conglomerate; Dichroism; Gelation; helical nanofilament; Hydrophobicity; Mesophase; Modulation; Molecular structure; Nonlinear optics; Optical activity; Phases; Photoconductivity; Physical properties; Polarity; Superstructures; symmetry breaking
• ISSN: 0935-9648; 1521-4095
• DOI: 10.1002/adma.201602737

Chiral mesophases in achiral bent‐shaped molecules have attracted particular attention since their discovery in the middle 1990s, not only because of their homochirality and polarity, but also due to their unique physical/physicochemical properties. Here, the most intriguing results in the studies of such symmetry‐broken states, mainly helical‐nanofilament (HNF) and dark‐conglomerate (DC) phases, are reviewed. Firstly, basic information on the typical appearance and optical activity in these phases is introduced. In the following section, the formation of mesoscopic chiral superstructures in the HNF and DC phases is discussed in terms of hierarchical chirality. Nanoscale phase segregation in mixture systems and gelation ability in the HNF phase are also described. In addition, some other related chiral phases of bent‐shaped molecules are shown. Recent attempts to control such mesoscopic chiral structure and the alignment/confinement of HNFs are also discussed, along with several examples of their fascinating advanced physical properties, i.e. huge enhancement of circular dichroism, electro‐ and photo‐tunable optical activities, chirality‐induced nonlinear optics (second‐harmonic‐generation circular difference and electrogyration effect), enhanced hydrophobicity through the dual‐scale surface morphological modulation, and photoconductivity in the HNF/fullerene binary system. Future prospects from basic science and application viewpoints are also indicated in the concluding section. Chiral superstructure mesophases in achiral bent‐shaped molecules attract particular attention due to their homochiral superstructures, as well as physical/physicochemical properties. Such symmetry‐broken phases are reviewed, mainly with regard to the helical‐nanofilament and dark‐conglomerate phases, including recent attempts to control their mesoscopic structures and a study of the optical properties.