Comparison of auroral ionospheric and field‐aligned currents derived from Swarm and ground magnetic field measurements

• Published in: Journal of geophysical research. Space physics 2016-09, Vol.121 (9), p.9256-9283
• Main Authors: Juusola, L., Kauristie, K., Vanhamäki, H., Aikio, A., Kamp, M.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Alignment; Auroras; Current density; Derivation; Divergence; Electric fields; Electrojets; Field‐aligned currents; Geomagnetic effects; Geomagnetism; Geophysics; Ground magnetometers; Grounds; Ionosphere; Ionospheric currents; Latitude; Longitude; Magnetic effects; Magnetic field measurement; Magnetic fields; Resistance; Satellite imagery; Swarm; Telluric currents
• ISSN: 2169-9380; 2169-9402
• DOI: 10.1002/2016JA022961

Derivation of the auroral ionospheric currents from magnetic field measurements can produce drastically different results depending on the data and method used. We have cross tested several methods for obtaining instantaneous field‐aligned and horizontal currents from Swarm satellite and International Monitor for Auroral Geomagnetic Effects (IMAGE) ground magnetic field measurements. We found that Swarm can yield latitude profiles of the east‐west component of the divergence‐free current density at most at ∼200 km resolution, typically resolving the electrojets. The north‐south divergence‐free component, on the other hand, is not always well reproduced due to the small longitudinal distance between the side‐by‐side flying satellite pair. Swarm can yield the field‐aligned and curl‐free current density at a wider range of latitude resolutions (∼7.5–200 km) than the divergence‐free current density. While 7.5 km is suitable for comparison with auroras, 200 km typically resolves the Regions 1 and 2 field‐aligned currents. IMAGE can yield maps of the divergence‐free current density at ∼50 km resolution. Induced telluric currents should be accounted for in the derivation. Not accounting for them in the Swarm analysis, however, does not appear to introduce significant errors. Ionospheric conductances can be estimated by combining the total horizontal current density, consisting of the curl‐free and divergence‐free components, with the electric field measurements. Our results indicate that Swarm can only yield these at ∼200 km scale size when there is no significant dependence on longitude. However, combining the divergence‐free current from IMAGE with the curl‐free current and electric field from Swarm could yield conductance maps at ∼50 km resolution. Key Points Swarm can give curl‐free horizontal and field‐aligned currents at