Role of Riparian Areas in Atmospheric Pesticide Deposition and Its Potential Effect on Water Quality

• Published in: Journal of the American Water Resources Association 2016-10, Vol.52 (5), p.1109-1120
• Main Authors: Rice, Clifford P., Bialek, Krystyna, Hapeman, Cathleen J., McCarty, Gregory W.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Agricultural land; Agricultural pollution; Agrochemicals; Air pollution; Atmospheric precipitations; Atmospherics; Atrazine; Branches; Buffers; Canopies; Canopy; Contaminants; Deposition; Earth; environmental sampling; Fluxes; Freshwater; Herbicides; Hydrology; Leaves; Metolachlor; Mineral nutrients; Nutrients; pesticide fate and transport; Pesticide residues; Pesticides; Pollutants; precipitation; Rain; Residues; Riparian buffers; Riparian environments; Riparian land; Riparian vegetation; stemflow; Surface water; Throughfall; Trees; volatility; Water quality; Zea mays
• ISSN: 1093-474X; 1752-1688
• DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.12444

Riparian buffers are known to mitigate hydrologic losses of nutrients and other contaminants as they exit agricultural fields. The vegetation of riparian buffers can also trap atmospheric contaminants, and these pollutants can subsequently be delivered via rain to the riparian buffer floor. These processes, however, are poorly understood especially for pesticide residues. Therefore, we conducted a four‐year study examining stemflow and throughfall to a riparian buffer which was adjacent a cultured Zea mays field treated with atrazine and metolachlor. Stemflow is rain contacting the tree canopy traveling down smaller to larger branches and down the tree trunk, whereas throughfall is rain that may or may not contact leaves and branches and reaches the earth. Stemflow concentrations of the herbicides were larger than throughfall concentrations and accounted for 5‐15% of the atrazine and 6‐66% of the metolachlor depositional fluxes under the canopy. Larger depositional fluxes were measured when leaves were more fully emerged and temperatures and humidity were elevated. Rain collected outside the riparian buffer on the field side and on the back side revealed the trees trapped the herbicide residues. Herbicide loading to the riparian buffer stream was found to be linked to tree canopy deposition and subsequent washoff during rain events. These results indicate that in agricultural areas canopy washoff can be an important source of pesticides to surface waters.