The Influence of a Combined Butorphanol and Midazolam Premedication on Anesthesia in Psittacid Species

Premedication is considered routine for domestic animal and human anesthesia but is rarely applied to avian patients, and few controlled studies exist to document effects of premedication in avian species. To determine the effects of a butorphanol and midazolam premedication on general anesthesia an...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of avian medicine and surgery 2016-12, Vol.30 (4), p.317-323
Main Authors: Kubiak, Marie, Roach, Louise, Eatwell, Kevin
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adjuvants, Anesthesia - administration & dosage
Adjuvants, Anesthesia - pharmacology
Analgesics, Opioid - administration & dosage
Analgesics, Opioid - pharmacology
Anesthesia
Anesthetics
Anesthetics, Inhalation - administration & dosage
Anesthetics, Inhalation - pharmacology
Animals
avian
Birds
Blood pressure
Butorphanol
Butorphanol - administration & dosage
Butorphanol - pharmacology
Control groups
Dosage and administration
Drug Therapy, Combination
Female
General anesthesia
Health aspects
Inductive reasoning
Intramuscular injections
Isoflurane - administration & dosage
Isoflurane - pharmacology
Male
Midazolam
Midazolam - administration & dosage
Midazolam - pharmacology
Original Studies
Original Study
Parrots
Premedication
Psittacinae
psittacine bird
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Summary:Premedication is considered routine for domestic animal and human anesthesia but is rarely applied to avian patients, and few controlled studies exist to document effects of premedication in avian species. To determine the effects of a butorphanol and midazolam premedication on general anesthesia and quality of induction and recovery phases in psittacid species, 17 clinically healthy birds undergoing anesthesia were randomly allocated into either a premedicated or control group. Anesthetic parameters were subsequently compared. Induction time and isoflurane concentration required for anesthetic maintenance were reduced in the premedicated group. Induction quality scores were improved in the premedicated group and no adverse effects on anesthesia and cardiovascular stability were observed. Use of a combined butorphanol and midazolam premedication in clinically healthy psittacine birds appears safe and effective. Premedication provides a beneficial effect at induction and enables maintenance levels of anesthetic gas to be reduced.
ISSN:1082-6742
1938-2871
DOI:10.1647/2013-072