Anti-inflammatory activity of Ternstroemia gymnanthera stem bark extracts in bacterial lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells

• Published in: Pharmaceutical biology 2017-01, Vol.55 (1), p.837-846
• Main Authors: Venkatesan, Thamizhiniyan, Park, Eun-Jin, Choi, Young-Woong, Lee, Jennifer, Kim, Young-Kyoon
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; Anti-inflammatory agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents - pharmacology; Antioxidants; Ascorbic acid; Bark; Cell activation; Cell Survival - drug effects; Cytokines - biosynthesis; Cytotoxicity; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Flow cytometry; Gene expression; IL-1β; Immunoblotting; Immunofluorescence; inflammation; Inflammatory diseases; Interleukin 6; Lipopolysaccharides; Lipopolysaccharides - pharmacology; Macrophages; Macrophages - drug effects; Macrophages - metabolism; MAP kinase; MAP Kinase Signaling System - drug effects; Mice; natural antioxidants; NF-kappa B - metabolism; NF-κB protein; Nitric Oxide - biosynthesis; Nitric-oxide synthase; Ornamental plant; Phenolic compounds; Plant extracts; Plant Extracts - pharmacology; Plant Stems; RAW 264.7 Cells; Reactive Oxygen Species - metabolism; Ternstroemia; Theaceae; Traditional medicine; Tumor necrosis factor-α
• ISSN: 1388-0209; 1744-5116
• DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1278778

Context: Ternstroemia gymnanthera Sprague (Theaceae) possesses various known pharmacological properties. However, its anti-inflammatory activity has not been reported. Objective: The anti-inflammatory activity of Ternstroemia gymnanthera stem bark aqueous extract (TGSBE) was evaluated using LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Materials and methods: Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay after 24 h with TGSBE (25-200 μg/mL). Further testing used TGSBE at 100 and 200 μg/mL. Griess and ELISA methods after 24 h with TGSBE determined NO and cytokine levels, respectively; then, mRNA levels (iNOS & cytokines) were analyzed by Quantitative-PCR after 12 h. NF-κB and MAPK were assessed by immunoblotting after TGSBE treatment for 12 h, followed by LPS for 30 min. Immunofluorescence assay was also performed for NF-κB. ROS and MMP, after 12 h with TGSBE, were determined by flow cytometry. The antioxidant potential of TGSBE was analyzed by ABTS assay. The Folin-Ciocalteu method determined the total phenolic content of TGSBE. LPS concentration was 0.5 μg/mL. Results: TGSBE at 200 μg/mL showed about 96.2% viability while suppressing the production of NO (88.99%), TNFα (24.38%), IL-6 (61.70%) and IL-1β (55.12%) and gene expression by 67.88, 45.24, 65.84, and 70.48%, respectively. TGSBE decreased ROS (79.26%) and improved MMP (48.01%); it inhibited translocation of NF-κB and MAPK activation. Radical scavenging activity was 50% at 402.17 μg/mL (ascorbic acid standard: 88.8 μg/mL). Total phenolic content was 240.9 mg GAE/g. Discussion and conclusion: TGSBE suppresses the inflammatory response by inhibiting the NF-κB and MAPK cascades exhibiting therapeutic potential to treat inflammatory diseases associated with increased activation of macrophages.