Loading…
Breast Enlargement in 13 Men Who Were Seropositive for Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Breast enlargement, a condition that was rarely reported in the era before highly active antiretroviral therapy, is emerging as a problem in the treatment of male human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Evaluation of this condition must distinguish between gynecomastia (proliferation o...
Saved in:
Published in: | Clinical infectious diseases 2002-11, Vol.35 (9), p.1113-1119 |
---|---|
Main Authors: | , , , |
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Subjects: | |
Citations: | Items that this one cites Items that cite this one |
Online Access: | Get full text |
Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
Summary: | Breast enlargement, a condition that was rarely reported in the era before highly active antiretroviral therapy, is emerging as a problem in the treatment of male human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Evaluation of this condition must distinguish between gynecomastia (proliferation of ducts and periductal stroma), lipomastia (adipose-tissue deposition), and malignancy. We describe 13 HIV-infected men, all of whom had exposure to antiretroviral therapy, who presented with breast enlargement. Nine of these patients had gynecomastia, only 1 had lipomastia, and 3 had lymphoma (2 had non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 1 had Hodgkin disease). Gynecomastia was unilateral in all but a single case. In addition, all but 1 of our patients with gynecomastia had prolonged exposure to protease inhibitors. Six patients had potential causes of gynecomastia other than antiretroviral therapy, including liver disease (in 2 patients), mild hypogonadism (in 1), long-term marijuana use (in 2), and use of medications that have known associations with gynecomastia (in 3). Although most causes of breast enlargement in HIV-infected men are likely to be benign, malignancies other than carcinoma are of concern. |
---|---|
ISSN: | 1058-4838 1537-6591 |
DOI: | 10.1086/343045 |