Evidence of nutrition transition in Southern Africa

• Published in: Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2015-11, Vol.74 (4), p.478-486
• Main Authors: Nnyepi, Maria S., Gwisai, Namo, Lekgoa, Malebogo, Seru, Tumelo
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Africa, Southern - epidemiology; Cause of Death; Child; Conference on ‘Food and nutrition security in Africa: new challenges and opportunities for sustainability’; Developing Countries; Diet; Diet, Western - adverse effects; Epidemiology; Exercise; Feeding Behavior; Food; Health Behavior; Health problems; Humans; Hypertension; Hypertension - epidemiology; Hypertension - etiology; Industrial Development; Infectious diseases; Maternal & child health; Middle Aged; Nutrition; Obesity; Obesity - epidemiology; Obesity - etiology; Population; Poverty; Prevalence; Public health; Risk factors; Rural areas; Trends; Urban areas; Urbanization; Young Adult
• ISSN: 0029-6651; 1475-2719
• DOI: 10.1017/S0029665115000051

Nutrition transition is characterised by shift to highly refined diets high in fat, salt and caloric sweeteners and low in fibre in rapidly growing economies. Dietary shifts occur almost concurrently with demographic and epidemiologic shifts, urbanisation and industrialisation and together contribute to increased prevalence of nutrition related (NR)-non-communicable disease (NCR). The emergence of nutrition transition in Southern Africa countries (SAC) was examined using anthropometric, NCD prevalence, and food consumption data. The findings reveal growing prevalence of overweight and obesity (OWOB) across SAC, with national prevalence estimated between 30 and 60 % in all but two SAC. Overweight prevalence in excess of 60 % has been reported in some sub-population groups. Hypertension prevalence of at least 30 % has also been reported. Further, the prevalence of OWOB and hypertension in many SAC exceeds that of HIV and is often at par with stunting in children. NCD are equally serious public health problems as stunting and HIV. Collectively, NR-NCD explain 20–31 % of mortality for Botswana, South Africa, Swaziland, Mozambique and Zambia. At least 72 % of adults in SAC have fewer servings of fruit and vegetable servings daily than recommended. Additionally, adults in SAC do poorly in physical activity; 31–75 % do not exercise regularly. Not surprisingly, 15–40 % of adults in SAC have at least three risk factors of CVD. SAC are grappling with NR-NCD which threaten to surpass infectious diseases burden. SAC are at various levels in interventions for moving their populations to stage 5, but there is room for much improvement.