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A USPIO doped gel phantom for R2 relaxometry
Objective This work describes a phantom containing regions of controlled R 2* (1/ T 2*) values to provide a stable reference object for testing implementations of R 2* relaxometry commonly used for liver and heart iron assessments. Materials and methods A carrageenan-strengthened gadolinium DTPA dop...
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| Published in: | Magma (New York, N.Y.) N.Y.), 2017-02, Vol.30 (1), p.15-27 |
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| container_issue | 1 |
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| container_title | Magma (New York, N.Y.) |
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| creator | Brown, Gregory C. Cowin, Gary J. Galloway, Graham J. |
| description | Objective
This work describes a phantom containing regions of controlled
R
2* (1/
T
2*) values to provide a stable reference object for testing implementations of
R
2* relaxometry commonly used for liver and heart iron assessments.
Materials and methods
A carrageenan-strengthened gadolinium DTPA doped agarose gel was used to enclose nine gels additionally doped with ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide.
R
2* values were determined at 1.5 T using multi-echo GRE sequences and exponential regression of pixel values from a region of interest against echo time using non-linear regression algorithms. We measured
R
2*,
R
2 and
R
1 values and the inter-scan and inter-operator reproducibility.
Results
The phantom reliably demonstrated
R
2* values in seven steps between 22.4 s
−1
(SE 1.98) and 441.9 s
−1
(SE 6.76), with an
R
2* relaxivity (
r
2*) of 792 (SE 5.6) mM
−1
s
−1
. The doped gels displayed a concentration-dependent
R
2ʹ component of
R
2* phantom, indicating superparamagnetic enhancement effects. We observed no significant change in relaxivity (
r
2*) over 12 months, and estimate a useful life of 3 years. Detailed descriptions of the production process and calculators are been provided as Online Resources.
Conclusion
The phantom provides a durable test object with controlled
R
2* relaxation behaviour, useful for a range of
R
2* relaxometry reference work. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s10334-016-0576-x |
| format | article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_1884110776</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>1826728083</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c325x-66dbf6b0f3f6ca0c61511a565c2fc5a69ffeee88fe5a0c9dcf312889cf77a843</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqNkDtPwzAYRS0EoqXwA1hQRgYCn-340bGqeEmViqDMluvYpVUSB7uR0n9PqhRG1OkO99w7HISuMdxjAPEQMVCapYB5CkzwtD1BQ0wZSSXn-BQNYcxlykhGB-gixg0AwQzoORoQkVEmMjFEd5Pk8-PtdZ7kvrZ5srJFUn_pauvLxPmQvJMk2EK3vrTbsLtEZ04X0V4dcoQWT4-L6Us6mz-_Tiez1FDC2pTzfOn4Ehx13GgwHDOMNePMEGeY5mPnrLVSOsu6dpwbRzGRcmycEFpmdIRu-9s6-O_Gxq0q19HYotCV9U1UWMoMYxCCH4FySYFIxo5ACRdEgqQdinvUBB9jsE7VYV3qsFMY1N686s2rzrzam1dtt7k53DfL0uZ_i1_VHUB6IHZVtbJBbXwTqs7jP68_jZSMUQ</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1826728083</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>A USPIO doped gel phantom for R2 relaxometry</title><source>Springer Link</source><creator>Brown, Gregory C. ; Cowin, Gary J. ; Galloway, Graham J.</creator><creatorcontrib>Brown, Gregory C. ; Cowin, Gary J. ; Galloway, Graham J.</creatorcontrib><description>Objective
This work describes a phantom containing regions of controlled
R
2* (1/
T
2*) values to provide a stable reference object for testing implementations of
R
2* relaxometry commonly used for liver and heart iron assessments.
Materials and methods
A carrageenan-strengthened gadolinium DTPA doped agarose gel was used to enclose nine gels additionally doped with ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide.
R
2* values were determined at 1.5 T using multi-echo GRE sequences and exponential regression of pixel values from a region of interest against echo time using non-linear regression algorithms. We measured
R
2*,
R
2 and
R
1 values and the inter-scan and inter-operator reproducibility.
Results
The phantom reliably demonstrated
R
2* values in seven steps between 22.4 s
−1
(SE 1.98) and 441.9 s
−1
(SE 6.76), with an
R
2* relaxivity (
r
2*) of 792 (SE 5.6) mM
−1
s
−1
. The doped gels displayed a concentration-dependent
R
2ʹ component of
R
2* phantom, indicating superparamagnetic enhancement effects. We observed no significant change in relaxivity (
r
2*) over 12 months, and estimate a useful life of 3 years. Detailed descriptions of the production process and calculators are been provided as Online Resources.
Conclusion
The phantom provides a durable test object with controlled
R
2* relaxation behaviour, useful for a range of
R
2* relaxometry reference work.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0968-5243</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1352-8661</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s10334-016-0576-x</identifier><identifier>PMID: 27435747</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Algorithms ; Assessments ; Axons - pathology ; Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering ; Calibration ; Carrageenan - chemistry ; Computer Appl. in Life Sciences ; Computer Simulation ; Contrast Media - chemistry ; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Durability ; Estimates ; Ferric Compounds - chemistry ; Gels ; Health Informatics ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Imaging ; Internet resources ; Iron - chemistry ; Liver - diagnostic imaging ; Liver - pathology ; Magnetic resonance ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Nonlinearity ; Phantoms, Imaging ; Radiology ; Regression ; Regression Analysis ; Reproducibility of Results ; Research Article ; Sepharose - chemistry ; Solid State Physics ; Water - chemistry</subject><ispartof>Magma (New York, N.Y.), 2017-02, Vol.30 (1), p.15-27</ispartof><rights>ESMRMB 2016</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c325x-66dbf6b0f3f6ca0c61511a565c2fc5a69ffeee88fe5a0c9dcf312889cf77a843</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c325x-66dbf6b0f3f6ca0c61511a565c2fc5a69ffeee88fe5a0c9dcf312889cf77a843</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-0805-2775 ; 0000-0001-7994-2743 ; 0000-0002-3400-3109</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,777,781,27905,27906</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27435747$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Brown, Gregory C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cowin, Gary J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Galloway, Graham J.</creatorcontrib><title>A USPIO doped gel phantom for R2 relaxometry</title><title>Magma (New York, N.Y.)</title><addtitle>Magn Reson Mater Phy</addtitle><addtitle>MAGMA</addtitle><description>Objective
This work describes a phantom containing regions of controlled
R
2* (1/
T
2*) values to provide a stable reference object for testing implementations of
R
2* relaxometry commonly used for liver and heart iron assessments.
Materials and methods
A carrageenan-strengthened gadolinium DTPA doped agarose gel was used to enclose nine gels additionally doped with ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide.
R
2* values were determined at 1.5 T using multi-echo GRE sequences and exponential regression of pixel values from a region of interest against echo time using non-linear regression algorithms. We measured
R
2*,
R
2 and
R
1 values and the inter-scan and inter-operator reproducibility.
Results
The phantom reliably demonstrated
R
2* values in seven steps between 22.4 s
−1
(SE 1.98) and 441.9 s
−1
(SE 6.76), with an
R
2* relaxivity (
r
2*) of 792 (SE 5.6) mM
−1
s
−1
. The doped gels displayed a concentration-dependent
R
2ʹ component of
R
2* phantom, indicating superparamagnetic enhancement effects. We observed no significant change in relaxivity (
r
2*) over 12 months, and estimate a useful life of 3 years. Detailed descriptions of the production process and calculators are been provided as Online Resources.
Conclusion
The phantom provides a durable test object with controlled
R
2* relaxation behaviour, useful for a range of
R
2* relaxometry reference work.</description><subject>Algorithms</subject><subject>Assessments</subject><subject>Axons - pathology</subject><subject>Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering</subject><subject>Calibration</subject><subject>Carrageenan - chemistry</subject><subject>Computer Appl. in Life Sciences</subject><subject>Computer Simulation</subject><subject>Contrast Media - chemistry</subject><subject>Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging</subject><subject>Durability</subject><subject>Estimates</subject><subject>Ferric Compounds - chemistry</subject><subject>Gels</subject><subject>Health Informatics</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</subject><subject>Imaging</subject><subject>Internet resources</subject><subject>Iron - chemistry</subject><subject>Liver - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Liver - pathology</subject><subject>Magnetic resonance</subject><subject>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Nonlinearity</subject><subject>Phantoms, Imaging</subject><subject>Radiology</subject><subject>Regression</subject><subject>Regression Analysis</subject><subject>Reproducibility of Results</subject><subject>Research Article</subject><subject>Sepharose - chemistry</subject><subject>Solid State Physics</subject><subject>Water - chemistry</subject><issn>0968-5243</issn><issn>1352-8661</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2017</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqNkDtPwzAYRS0EoqXwA1hQRgYCn-340bGqeEmViqDMluvYpVUSB7uR0n9PqhRG1OkO99w7HISuMdxjAPEQMVCapYB5CkzwtD1BQ0wZSSXn-BQNYcxlykhGB-gixg0AwQzoORoQkVEmMjFEd5Pk8-PtdZ7kvrZ5srJFUn_pauvLxPmQvJMk2EK3vrTbsLtEZ04X0V4dcoQWT4-L6Us6mz-_Tiez1FDC2pTzfOn4Ehx13GgwHDOMNePMEGeY5mPnrLVSOsu6dpwbRzGRcmycEFpmdIRu-9s6-O_Gxq0q19HYotCV9U1UWMoMYxCCH4FySYFIxo5ACRdEgqQdinvUBB9jsE7VYV3qsFMY1N686s2rzrzam1dtt7k53DfL0uZ_i1_VHUB6IHZVtbJBbXwTqs7jP68_jZSMUQ</recordid><startdate>20170201</startdate><enddate>20170201</enddate><creator>Brown, Gregory C.</creator><creator>Cowin, Gary J.</creator><creator>Galloway, Graham J.</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>7U5</scope><scope>L7M</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0805-2775</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7994-2743</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3400-3109</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20170201</creationdate><title>A USPIO doped gel phantom for R2 relaxometry</title><author>Brown, Gregory C. ; Cowin, Gary J. ; Galloway, Graham J.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c325x-66dbf6b0f3f6ca0c61511a565c2fc5a69ffeee88fe5a0c9dcf312889cf77a843</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2017</creationdate><topic>Algorithms</topic><topic>Assessments</topic><topic>Axons - pathology</topic><topic>Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering</topic><topic>Calibration</topic><topic>Carrageenan - chemistry</topic><topic>Computer Appl. in Life Sciences</topic><topic>Computer Simulation</topic><topic>Contrast Media - chemistry</topic><topic>Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging</topic><topic>Durability</topic><topic>Estimates</topic><topic>Ferric Compounds - chemistry</topic><topic>Gels</topic><topic>Health Informatics</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</topic><topic>Imaging</topic><topic>Internet resources</topic><topic>Iron - chemistry</topic><topic>Liver - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Liver - pathology</topic><topic>Magnetic resonance</topic><topic>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Nonlinearity</topic><topic>Phantoms, Imaging</topic><topic>Radiology</topic><topic>Regression</topic><topic>Regression Analysis</topic><topic>Reproducibility of Results</topic><topic>Research Article</topic><topic>Sepharose - chemistry</topic><topic>Solid State Physics</topic><topic>Water - chemistry</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Brown, Gregory C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cowin, Gary J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Galloway, Graham J.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Solid State and Superconductivity Abstracts</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><jtitle>Magma (New York, N.Y.)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Brown, Gregory C.</au><au>Cowin, Gary J.</au><au>Galloway, Graham J.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>A USPIO doped gel phantom for R2 relaxometry</atitle><jtitle>Magma (New York, N.Y.)</jtitle><stitle>Magn Reson Mater Phy</stitle><addtitle>MAGMA</addtitle><date>2017-02-01</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>30</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>15</spage><epage>27</epage><pages>15-27</pages><issn>0968-5243</issn><eissn>1352-8661</eissn><abstract>Objective
This work describes a phantom containing regions of controlled
R
2* (1/
T
2*) values to provide a stable reference object for testing implementations of
R
2* relaxometry commonly used for liver and heart iron assessments.
Materials and methods
A carrageenan-strengthened gadolinium DTPA doped agarose gel was used to enclose nine gels additionally doped with ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide.
R
2* values were determined at 1.5 T using multi-echo GRE sequences and exponential regression of pixel values from a region of interest against echo time using non-linear regression algorithms. We measured
R
2*,
R
2 and
R
1 values and the inter-scan and inter-operator reproducibility.
Results
The phantom reliably demonstrated
R
2* values in seven steps between 22.4 s
−1
(SE 1.98) and 441.9 s
−1
(SE 6.76), with an
R
2* relaxivity (
r
2*) of 792 (SE 5.6) mM
−1
s
−1
. The doped gels displayed a concentration-dependent
R
2ʹ component of
R
2* phantom, indicating superparamagnetic enhancement effects. We observed no significant change in relaxivity (
r
2*) over 12 months, and estimate a useful life of 3 years. Detailed descriptions of the production process and calculators are been provided as Online Resources.
Conclusion
The phantom provides a durable test object with controlled
R
2* relaxation behaviour, useful for a range of
R
2* relaxometry reference work.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><pmid>27435747</pmid><doi>10.1007/s10334-016-0576-x</doi><tpages>13</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0805-2775</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7994-2743</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3400-3109</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Magma (New York, N.Y.), 2017-02, Vol.30 (1), p.15-27 |
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| subjects | Algorithms Assessments Axons - pathology Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering Calibration Carrageenan - chemistry Computer Appl. in Life Sciences Computer Simulation Contrast Media - chemistry Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Durability Estimates Ferric Compounds - chemistry Gels Health Informatics Humans Image Processing, Computer-Assisted Imaging Internet resources Iron - chemistry Liver - diagnostic imaging Liver - pathology Magnetic resonance Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Medicine Medicine & Public Health Nonlinearity Phantoms, Imaging Radiology Regression Regression Analysis Reproducibility of Results Research Article Sepharose - chemistry Solid State Physics Water - chemistry |
| title | A USPIO doped gel phantom for R2 relaxometry |
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