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Functional responses in animal movement explain spatial heterogeneity in animal–habitat relationships

1. Understanding why heterogeneity exists in animal-habitat spatial relationships is critical for identifying the drivers of animal distributions. Functional responses in habitat selection — whereby animals adjust their habitat selection depending on habitat availability — are useful for describing...

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Published in:The Journal of animal ecology 2017-07, Vol.86 (4), p.960-971
Main Authors: Mason, Tom H. E., Fortin, Daniel
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Fortin, Daniel
description 1. Understanding why heterogeneity exists in animal-habitat spatial relationships is critical for identifying the drivers of animal distributions. Functional responses in habitat selection — whereby animals adjust their habitat selection depending on habitat availability — are useful for describing animal-habitat spatial heterogeneity. However, they could be yielded by different movement tactics, involving contrasting interspecific interactions. 2. Identifying functional responses in animal movement, rather than in emergent spatial patterns like habitat selection, could disentangle the effects of different movement behaviours on spatial heterogeneity in animal-habitat relationships. This would clarify how functional responses in habitat selection emerge and provide a general tool for understanding the mechanistic drivers of animal distributions. 3. We tested this approach using data from GPS-collared woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus), a prey species under top-down control. We tested how caribou selected and moved with respect to a key resource (lichen-conifer stands) as a function of the availability of surrounding refuge land-cover (closed-conifer stands), using step selection functions. 4. Caribou selected resource patches more strongly in areas richer in refuge land-cover – a functional response in habitat selection. However, adjustments in multiple movement behaviours could have generated this pattern: stronger directed movement towards resource patches and/or longer residency within resource patches, in areas richer in refuges. Different contributions of these behaviours would produce contrasting forager spatial dynamics. 5. We identified functional responses in both movement behaviours: caribou were more likely to move towards resource patches in areas richer in refuge land-cover, and to remain in these patches during movement steps. This tactic enables caribou to forage for longer in safer areas where they can rapidly seek refuge in dense cover when predators are detected. 6. Our study shows that functional responses in movement can expose the context-dependent movement decisions that generate heterogeneity in animal-habitat spatial relationships. We used these functional responses to characterise anti-predator movement tactics employed by a large herbivore, but they could be applied in many different scenarios. The movement rules from functional responses in movement are well-suited to integration in spatial explicit individual-based models for
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E. ; Fortin, Daniel</creator><contributor>Loison, Anne</contributor><creatorcontrib>Mason, Tom H. E. ; Fortin, Daniel ; Loison, Anne</creatorcontrib><description>1. Understanding why heterogeneity exists in animal-habitat spatial relationships is critical for identifying the drivers of animal distributions. Functional responses in habitat selection — whereby animals adjust their habitat selection depending on habitat availability — are useful for describing animal-habitat spatial heterogeneity. However, they could be yielded by different movement tactics, involving contrasting interspecific interactions. 2. Identifying functional responses in animal movement, rather than in emergent spatial patterns like habitat selection, could disentangle the effects of different movement behaviours on spatial heterogeneity in animal-habitat relationships. This would clarify how functional responses in habitat selection emerge and provide a general tool for understanding the mechanistic drivers of animal distributions. 3. We tested this approach using data from GPS-collared woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus), a prey species under top-down control. We tested how caribou selected and moved with respect to a key resource (lichen-conifer stands) as a function of the availability of surrounding refuge land-cover (closed-conifer stands), using step selection functions. 4. Caribou selected resource patches more strongly in areas richer in refuge land-cover – a functional response in habitat selection. However, adjustments in multiple movement behaviours could have generated this pattern: stronger directed movement towards resource patches and/or longer residency within resource patches, in areas richer in refuges. Different contributions of these behaviours would produce contrasting forager spatial dynamics. 5. We identified functional responses in both movement behaviours: caribou were more likely to move towards resource patches in areas richer in refuge land-cover, and to remain in these patches during movement steps. This tactic enables caribou to forage for longer in safer areas where they can rapidly seek refuge in dense cover when predators are detected. 6. Our study shows that functional responses in movement can expose the context-dependent movement decisions that generate heterogeneity in animal-habitat spatial relationships. We used these functional responses to characterise anti-predator movement tactics employed by a large herbivore, but they could be applied in many different scenarios. 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E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fortin, Daniel</creatorcontrib><title>Functional responses in animal movement explain spatial heterogeneity in animal–habitat relationships</title><title>The Journal of animal ecology</title><addtitle>J Anim Ecol</addtitle><description>1. Understanding why heterogeneity exists in animal-habitat spatial relationships is critical for identifying the drivers of animal distributions. Functional responses in habitat selection — whereby animals adjust their habitat selection depending on habitat availability — are useful for describing animal-habitat spatial heterogeneity. However, they could be yielded by different movement tactics, involving contrasting interspecific interactions. 2. Identifying functional responses in animal movement, rather than in emergent spatial patterns like habitat selection, could disentangle the effects of different movement behaviours on spatial heterogeneity in animal-habitat relationships. This would clarify how functional responses in habitat selection emerge and provide a general tool for understanding the mechanistic drivers of animal distributions. 3. We tested this approach using data from GPS-collared woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus), a prey species under top-down control. We tested how caribou selected and moved with respect to a key resource (lichen-conifer stands) as a function of the availability of surrounding refuge land-cover (closed-conifer stands), using step selection functions. 4. Caribou selected resource patches more strongly in areas richer in refuge land-cover – a functional response in habitat selection. However, adjustments in multiple movement behaviours could have generated this pattern: stronger directed movement towards resource patches and/or longer residency within resource patches, in areas richer in refuges. Different contributions of these behaviours would produce contrasting forager spatial dynamics. 5. We identified functional responses in both movement behaviours: caribou were more likely to move towards resource patches in areas richer in refuge land-cover, and to remain in these patches during movement steps. This tactic enables caribou to forage for longer in safer areas where they can rapidly seek refuge in dense cover when predators are detected. 6. Our study shows that functional responses in movement can expose the context-dependent movement decisions that generate heterogeneity in animal-habitat spatial relationships. We used these functional responses to characterise anti-predator movement tactics employed by a large herbivore, but they could be applied in many different scenarios. 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E.</au><au>Fortin, Daniel</au><au>Loison, Anne</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Functional responses in animal movement explain spatial heterogeneity in animal–habitat relationships</atitle><jtitle>The Journal of animal ecology</jtitle><addtitle>J Anim Ecol</addtitle><date>2017-07-01</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>86</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>960</spage><epage>971</epage><pages>960-971</pages><issn>0021-8790</issn><eissn>1365-2656</eissn><abstract>1. Understanding why heterogeneity exists in animal-habitat spatial relationships is critical for identifying the drivers of animal distributions. Functional responses in habitat selection — whereby animals adjust their habitat selection depending on habitat availability — are useful for describing animal-habitat spatial heterogeneity. However, they could be yielded by different movement tactics, involving contrasting interspecific interactions. 2. Identifying functional responses in animal movement, rather than in emergent spatial patterns like habitat selection, could disentangle the effects of different movement behaviours on spatial heterogeneity in animal-habitat relationships. This would clarify how functional responses in habitat selection emerge and provide a general tool for understanding the mechanistic drivers of animal distributions. 3. We tested this approach using data from GPS-collared woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus), a prey species under top-down control. We tested how caribou selected and moved with respect to a key resource (lichen-conifer stands) as a function of the availability of surrounding refuge land-cover (closed-conifer stands), using step selection functions. 4. Caribou selected resource patches more strongly in areas richer in refuge land-cover – a functional response in habitat selection. However, adjustments in multiple movement behaviours could have generated this pattern: stronger directed movement towards resource patches and/or longer residency within resource patches, in areas richer in refuges. Different contributions of these behaviours would produce contrasting forager spatial dynamics. 5. We identified functional responses in both movement behaviours: caribou were more likely to move towards resource patches in areas richer in refuge land-cover, and to remain in these patches during movement steps. This tactic enables caribou to forage for longer in safer areas where they can rapidly seek refuge in dense cover when predators are detected. 6. Our study shows that functional responses in movement can expose the context-dependent movement decisions that generate heterogeneity in animal-habitat spatial relationships. We used these functional responses to characterise anti-predator movement tactics employed by a large herbivore, but they could be applied in many different scenarios. The movement rules from functional responses in movement are well-suited to integration in spatial explicit individual-based models for forecasting animal distributions in landscapes undergoing environmental change.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd</pub><pmid>28390110</pmid><doi>10.1111/1365-2656.12682</doi><tpages>12</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1267-1891</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0834-0571</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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subjects Animal behavior
Animal Distribution
Animal models
Animals
anti‐predator behaviour
boreal forest
Decisions
Ecosystem
Environment
Environment models
Exposure
foraging
Foraging habitats
Forecasting
Functional anatomy
Habitat availability
Habitat selection
Habitats
Heterogeneity
Integration
Interspecific
Land cover
Land use
Landscape
Movement
Predators
predator–prey spatial games
Prey
Rangifer tarandus
Reindeer
resource selection
Small mammals
Spatial analysis
Spatial distribution
Spatial ecology
Spatial heterogeneity
SSF
Tactics
taiga
ungulate
title Functional responses in animal movement explain spatial heterogeneity in animal–habitat relationships
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