Noncovalent Interactions Accompanying Encapsulation of Resorcinol within Azacalix[4]pyridine Macrocycle

• Published in: The journal of physical chemistry. A, Molecules, spectroscopy, kinetics, environment, & general theory Molecules, spectroscopy, kinetics, environment, & general theory, 2017-03, Vol.121 (8), p.1814-1824
• Main Authors: Lande, Dipali N, Bhadane, Smita A, Gejji, Shridhar P
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Bridging; Electronic structure; Frequency shift; Holes; Hydrogen bonding; Macrocyclic compounds; Mathematical analysis; Pyridines; Vibration
• ISSN: 1089-5639; 1520-5215
• DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b12912

Electronic structure and noncovalent interactions within the inclusion complexes of resorcinol and calix[4]­pyridine (CXP[4]) or azacalix[4]­pyridine (N-CXP[4]) macrocycles have been analyzed by employing hybrid M06-2X density functional theory. It has been demonstrated that substitution of a heteroatom (−NH−) at the bridging position of the CXP[4] alters the shape of the cavity from a “box-shaped” to funnel-like one. Penetration of resorcinol guest within the CXP[4] cavity renders a “butterfly-like” structure to the complex, whereas the N-CXP[4] complex reveals distorted geometry with the guest being nearer to one of the pyridine rings at the upper rim of the host. Underlying hydrogen bonding, π···π, and other weak interactions are characterized using the Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) and Noncovalent Interactions Reduced Density Gradient (NCI-RDG) methods. The coexistence of multiple intermolecular interactions is envisaged through the frequency shifts of the characteristic −NH and −OH vibrations in their calculated vibrational spectra. The guest protons confined to the host cavity exhibit shielding, while those facilitating hydrogen bonding engender the downfield signals in their calculated 1H NMR spectra.