Black Tar Heroin Skin Popping as a Cause of Wound Botulism

• Published in: Neurocritical care 2017-12, Vol.27 (3), p.415-419
• Main Authors: Qureshi, Ihtesham A., Qureshi, Mohtashim A., Rauf Afzal, Mohammad, Maud, Alberto, Rodriguez, Gustavo J., Cruz-Flores, Salvador, Kassar, Darine
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Abscess - etiology; Adult; Botulism; Botulism - etiology; Botulism - physiopathology; Critical Care Medicine; Documentation; Drug abuse; Dysarthria; Dysphagia; Emergency medical care; Female; Hepatitis C; Heroin; Heroin Dependence - complications; Humans; Injections, Subcutaneous - adverse effects; Intensive; Intensive care; Internal Medicine; Male; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Middle Aged; Morphine Derivatives - administration & dosage; Neurology; Nursing; Original Article; Retrospective Studies; Substance abuse treatment; Ventilators; Wound Infection - etiology
• ISSN: 1541-6933; 1556-0961
• DOI: 10.1007/s12028-017-0415-6

Background Botulism is a rare potentially fatal and treatable disorder caused by a bacteria-produced toxin that affects the presynaptic synaptic membrane resulting in a characteristic neuromuscular dysfunction. It is caused by either the ingestion of the toxin or the bacteria, inhalation, or wound infection. We present our observations with a descriptive case series of wound botulism secondary to black tar heroin (BTH) injection. Methods We report a retrospective single-center case series of 15 consecutive cases of wound botulism presenting to University Medical Center of El Paso. Medical records where reviewed to obtain demographic information, clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome. Results We identified fifteen patients with mean age of 47 years: twelve men, and three women. All had administered BTH through skin popping and had abscesses in the administration areas. By history, the most common symptoms were dysphagia (66%), proximal muscle weakness of upper and lower extremity (60%), neck flexor muscle weakness (33%), ophthalmoplegia (53%), bilateral ptosis (46%), dysarthria (53%), double vision (40%), blurred vision (33%), and dry mouth (20%). During the examination, the most common features noted were: proximal muscle weakness of upper and lower extremities (73%), ophthalmoplegia (53%), ptosis (46%). In patients with documented wound botulism, the pupils were reactive in 46%. All patients required mechanical ventilation and were treated with the trivalent antitoxin. Eleven patients (73.3%) were discharged home, two were transferred to a skill nursing facility, and two were transferred to long-term acute care facility. Conclusion In our patients, BTH injection, involving the action of injecting under the skin acetylated morphine derivatives (mostly 6-monoacetylmorphine and 3-monoacetylmorphine), was associated with the development of botulism. The availability of BTH at the US–Mexican border is not surprising since it is frequently produced in Latin America. Its association with the development of botulism should be recognized early to allow a prompt diagnosis and treatment with the antitoxin. A clinical feature worth noting is the presence of normal pupillary light reflex in nearly half of patients. Therefore, the presence of a normal pupillary response does not exclude the presence of wound botulism.