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Assessment of Metabolic Flexibility by Means of Measuring Blood Lactate, Fat, and Carbohydrate Oxidation Responses to Exercise in Professional Endurance Athletes and Less-Fit Individuals
Background Increased muscle mitochondrial mass is characteristic of elite professional endurance athletes (PAs), whereas increased blood lactate levels (lactatemia) at the same absolute submaximal exercise intensities and decreased mitochondrial oxidative capacity are characteristics of individuals...
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| Published in: | Sports medicine (Auckland) 2018-02, Vol.48 (2), p.467-479 |
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| container_title | Sports medicine (Auckland) |
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| creator | San-Millán, Iñigo Brooks, George A. |
| description | Background
Increased muscle mitochondrial mass is characteristic of elite professional endurance athletes (PAs), whereas increased blood lactate levels (lactatemia) at the same absolute submaximal exercise intensities and decreased mitochondrial oxidative capacity are characteristics of individuals with low aerobic power. In contrast to PAs, patients with metabolic syndrome (MtS) are characterized by a decreased capacity to oxidize lipids and by early transition from fat to carbohydrate oxidation (FATox/CHOox), as well as elevated blood lactate concentration [La
−
] as exercise power output (PO) increases, a condition termed ‘metabolic inflexibility’.
Objective
The aim of this study was to assess metabolic flexibility across populations with different metabolic characteristics.
Methods
We used indirect calorimetry and [La
−
] measurements to study the metabolic responses to exercise in PAs, moderately active individuals (MAs), and MtS individuals.
Results
FATox was significantly higher in PAs than MAs and patients with MtS (
p
|
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s40279-017-0751-x |
| format | article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_1910799804</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2165004056</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c438t-f4b03364c4f9db7061b6cd3eeb1cef82372dfdcb7f94138719d67839a87216d73</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp1kU2LFDEQhoMo7rj6A7xIwIuHbc1Hd6f7ODvM6MLIiug55KPazdKTjElaev6av84MvSoIngoqT71V4UHoJSVvKSHiXaoJE31FqKiIaGg1P0IrSkuHEd48RitCKatoW7ML9Cyle0JI09XsKbpgXct4S_kK_VynBCkdwGccBvwRstJhdAbvRpiddqPLJ6xP5UH5tBAqTdH5b_h6DMHivTJZZbjCO5WvsPIWb1TU4e5kY2nj29lZlV3w-DOkY_BlGc4Bb2eIxiXAzuNPMQzlhMKoEW-9naLyBvA6342QC37O3Beg2rmMb7x1P5yd1JieoydDKfDioV6ir7vtl82Han_7_maz3lem5l2uhloTztva1ENvtSAt1a2xHEBTA0PHuGB2sEaLoa8p7wTtbSs63qtOMNpawS_RmyX3GMP3CVKWB5cMjKPyEKYkaU-J6PuO1AV9_Q96H6ZY_pVkyWoIqUnTFooulIkhpQiDPEZ3UPEkKZFnsXIRK4tYeRYr5zLz6iF50gewfyZ-mywAW4B0PNuB-Hf1_1N_AQqIsPs</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2165004056</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Assessment of Metabolic Flexibility by Means of Measuring Blood Lactate, Fat, and Carbohydrate Oxidation Responses to Exercise in Professional Endurance Athletes and Less-Fit Individuals</title><source>Springer Nature</source><creator>San-Millán, Iñigo ; Brooks, George A.</creator><creatorcontrib>San-Millán, Iñigo ; Brooks, George A.</creatorcontrib><description>Background
Increased muscle mitochondrial mass is characteristic of elite professional endurance athletes (PAs), whereas increased blood lactate levels (lactatemia) at the same absolute submaximal exercise intensities and decreased mitochondrial oxidative capacity are characteristics of individuals with low aerobic power. In contrast to PAs, patients with metabolic syndrome (MtS) are characterized by a decreased capacity to oxidize lipids and by early transition from fat to carbohydrate oxidation (FATox/CHOox), as well as elevated blood lactate concentration [La
−
] as exercise power output (PO) increases, a condition termed ‘metabolic inflexibility’.
Objective
The aim of this study was to assess metabolic flexibility across populations with different metabolic characteristics.
Methods
We used indirect calorimetry and [La
−
] measurements to study the metabolic responses to exercise in PAs, moderately active individuals (MAs), and MtS individuals.
Results
FATox was significantly higher in PAs than MAs and patients with MtS (
p
< 0.01), while [La
−
] was significantly lower in PAs compared with MAs and patients with MtS. FATox and [La
−
] were inversely correlated in all three groups (PA:
r
= −0.97,
p
< 0.01; MA:
r
= −0.98,
p
< 0.01; MtS:
r
= −0.92,
p
< 0.01). The correlation between FATox and [La
−
] for all data points corresponding to all populations studied was
r
= −0.76 (
p
< 0.01).
Conclusions
Blood lactate accumulation is negatively correlated with FATox and positively correlated with CHOox during exercise across populations with widely ranging metabolic capabilities. Because both lactate and fatty acids are mitochondrial substrates, we believe that measurements of [La
−
] and FATox rate during exercise provide an indirect method to assess metabolic flexibility and oxidative capacity across individuals of widely different metabolic capabilities.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0112-1642</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1179-2035</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0751-x</identifier><identifier>PMID: 28623613</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject>Aerobic capacity ; Athletes ; Blood levels ; Calorimetry ; Carbohydrate Metabolism - physiology ; Carbohydrates ; Diabetes ; Endurance ; Energy Metabolism - physiology ; Exercise ; Exercise - physiology ; Exercise Test ; Fatty acids ; Flexibility ; Glucose ; Humans ; Insulin ; Lactates - blood ; Lactic acid ; Lipid Metabolism - physiology ; Lipids ; Male ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Metabolic syndrome ; Mitochondria ; Muscles ; Musculoskeletal system ; Original Research Article ; Oxidation ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen Consumption ; Physical Endurance ; Physical fitness ; Plasma ; Population studies ; Sports Medicine</subject><ispartof>Sports medicine (Auckland), 2018-02, Vol.48 (2), p.467-479</ispartof><rights>Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland 2017</rights><rights>Copyright Springer Science & Business Media Feb 2018</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c438t-f4b03364c4f9db7061b6cd3eeb1cef82372dfdcb7f94138719d67839a87216d73</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c438t-f4b03364c4f9db7061b6cd3eeb1cef82372dfdcb7f94138719d67839a87216d73</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27903,27904</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28623613$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>San-Millán, Iñigo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brooks, George A.</creatorcontrib><title>Assessment of Metabolic Flexibility by Means of Measuring Blood Lactate, Fat, and Carbohydrate Oxidation Responses to Exercise in Professional Endurance Athletes and Less-Fit Individuals</title><title>Sports medicine (Auckland)</title><addtitle>Sports Med</addtitle><addtitle>Sports Med</addtitle><description>Background
Increased muscle mitochondrial mass is characteristic of elite professional endurance athletes (PAs), whereas increased blood lactate levels (lactatemia) at the same absolute submaximal exercise intensities and decreased mitochondrial oxidative capacity are characteristics of individuals with low aerobic power. In contrast to PAs, patients with metabolic syndrome (MtS) are characterized by a decreased capacity to oxidize lipids and by early transition from fat to carbohydrate oxidation (FATox/CHOox), as well as elevated blood lactate concentration [La
−
] as exercise power output (PO) increases, a condition termed ‘metabolic inflexibility’.
Objective
The aim of this study was to assess metabolic flexibility across populations with different metabolic characteristics.
Methods
We used indirect calorimetry and [La
−
] measurements to study the metabolic responses to exercise in PAs, moderately active individuals (MAs), and MtS individuals.
Results
FATox was significantly higher in PAs than MAs and patients with MtS (
p
< 0.01), while [La
−
] was significantly lower in PAs compared with MAs and patients with MtS. FATox and [La
−
] were inversely correlated in all three groups (PA:
r
= −0.97,
p
< 0.01; MA:
r
= −0.98,
p
< 0.01; MtS:
r
= −0.92,
p
< 0.01). The correlation between FATox and [La
−
] for all data points corresponding to all populations studied was
r
= −0.76 (
p
< 0.01).
Conclusions
Blood lactate accumulation is negatively correlated with FATox and positively correlated with CHOox during exercise across populations with widely ranging metabolic capabilities. Because both lactate and fatty acids are mitochondrial substrates, we believe that measurements of [La
−
] and FATox rate during exercise provide an indirect method to assess metabolic flexibility and oxidative capacity across individuals of widely different metabolic capabilities.</description><subject>Aerobic capacity</subject><subject>Athletes</subject><subject>Blood levels</subject><subject>Calorimetry</subject><subject>Carbohydrate Metabolism - physiology</subject><subject>Carbohydrates</subject><subject>Diabetes</subject><subject>Endurance</subject><subject>Energy Metabolism - physiology</subject><subject>Exercise</subject><subject>Exercise - physiology</subject><subject>Exercise Test</subject><subject>Fatty acids</subject><subject>Flexibility</subject><subject>Glucose</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Insulin</subject><subject>Lactates - blood</subject><subject>Lactic acid</subject><subject>Lipid Metabolism - physiology</subject><subject>Lipids</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Metabolic syndrome</subject><subject>Mitochondria</subject><subject>Muscles</subject><subject>Musculoskeletal system</subject><subject>Original Research Article</subject><subject>Oxidation</subject><subject>Oxidation-Reduction</subject><subject>Oxygen Consumption</subject><subject>Physical Endurance</subject><subject>Physical fitness</subject><subject>Plasma</subject><subject>Population studies</subject><subject>Sports Medicine</subject><issn>0112-1642</issn><issn>1179-2035</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp1kU2LFDEQhoMo7rj6A7xIwIuHbc1Hd6f7ODvM6MLIiug55KPazdKTjElaev6av84MvSoIngoqT71V4UHoJSVvKSHiXaoJE31FqKiIaGg1P0IrSkuHEd48RitCKatoW7ML9Cyle0JI09XsKbpgXct4S_kK_VynBCkdwGccBvwRstJhdAbvRpiddqPLJ6xP5UH5tBAqTdH5b_h6DMHivTJZZbjCO5WvsPIWb1TU4e5kY2nj29lZlV3w-DOkY_BlGc4Bb2eIxiXAzuNPMQzlhMKoEW-9naLyBvA6342QC37O3Beg2rmMb7x1P5yd1JieoydDKfDioV6ir7vtl82Han_7_maz3lem5l2uhloTztva1ENvtSAt1a2xHEBTA0PHuGB2sEaLoa8p7wTtbSs63qtOMNpawS_RmyX3GMP3CVKWB5cMjKPyEKYkaU-J6PuO1AV9_Q96H6ZY_pVkyWoIqUnTFooulIkhpQiDPEZ3UPEkKZFnsXIRK4tYeRYr5zLz6iF50gewfyZ-mywAW4B0PNuB-Hf1_1N_AQqIsPs</recordid><startdate>20180201</startdate><enddate>20180201</enddate><creator>San-Millán, Iñigo</creator><creator>Brooks, George A.</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>4T-</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20180201</creationdate><title>Assessment of Metabolic Flexibility by Means of Measuring Blood Lactate, Fat, and Carbohydrate Oxidation Responses to Exercise in Professional Endurance Athletes and Less-Fit Individuals</title><author>San-Millán, Iñigo ; Brooks, George A.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c438t-f4b03364c4f9db7061b6cd3eeb1cef82372dfdcb7f94138719d67839a87216d73</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>Aerobic capacity</topic><topic>Athletes</topic><topic>Blood levels</topic><topic>Calorimetry</topic><topic>Carbohydrate Metabolism - physiology</topic><topic>Carbohydrates</topic><topic>Diabetes</topic><topic>Endurance</topic><topic>Energy Metabolism - physiology</topic><topic>Exercise</topic><topic>Exercise - physiology</topic><topic>Exercise Test</topic><topic>Fatty acids</topic><topic>Flexibility</topic><topic>Glucose</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Insulin</topic><topic>Lactates - blood</topic><topic>Lactic acid</topic><topic>Lipid Metabolism - physiology</topic><topic>Lipids</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Metabolic syndrome</topic><topic>Mitochondria</topic><topic>Muscles</topic><topic>Musculoskeletal system</topic><topic>Original Research Article</topic><topic>Oxidation</topic><topic>Oxidation-Reduction</topic><topic>Oxygen Consumption</topic><topic>Physical Endurance</topic><topic>Physical fitness</topic><topic>Plasma</topic><topic>Population studies</topic><topic>Sports Medicine</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>San-Millán, Iñigo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brooks, George A.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Docstoc</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Physical Education Index</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Sports medicine (Auckland)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>San-Millán, Iñigo</au><au>Brooks, George A.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Assessment of Metabolic Flexibility by Means of Measuring Blood Lactate, Fat, and Carbohydrate Oxidation Responses to Exercise in Professional Endurance Athletes and Less-Fit Individuals</atitle><jtitle>Sports medicine (Auckland)</jtitle><stitle>Sports Med</stitle><addtitle>Sports Med</addtitle><date>2018-02-01</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>48</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>467</spage><epage>479</epage><pages>467-479</pages><issn>0112-1642</issn><eissn>1179-2035</eissn><abstract>Background
Increased muscle mitochondrial mass is characteristic of elite professional endurance athletes (PAs), whereas increased blood lactate levels (lactatemia) at the same absolute submaximal exercise intensities and decreased mitochondrial oxidative capacity are characteristics of individuals with low aerobic power. In contrast to PAs, patients with metabolic syndrome (MtS) are characterized by a decreased capacity to oxidize lipids and by early transition from fat to carbohydrate oxidation (FATox/CHOox), as well as elevated blood lactate concentration [La
−
] as exercise power output (PO) increases, a condition termed ‘metabolic inflexibility’.
Objective
The aim of this study was to assess metabolic flexibility across populations with different metabolic characteristics.
Methods
We used indirect calorimetry and [La
−
] measurements to study the metabolic responses to exercise in PAs, moderately active individuals (MAs), and MtS individuals.
Results
FATox was significantly higher in PAs than MAs and patients with MtS (
p
< 0.01), while [La
−
] was significantly lower in PAs compared with MAs and patients with MtS. FATox and [La
−
] were inversely correlated in all three groups (PA:
r
= −0.97,
p
< 0.01; MA:
r
= −0.98,
p
< 0.01; MtS:
r
= −0.92,
p
< 0.01). The correlation between FATox and [La
−
] for all data points corresponding to all populations studied was
r
= −0.76 (
p
< 0.01).
Conclusions
Blood lactate accumulation is negatively correlated with FATox and positively correlated with CHOox during exercise across populations with widely ranging metabolic capabilities. Because both lactate and fatty acids are mitochondrial substrates, we believe that measurements of [La
−
] and FATox rate during exercise provide an indirect method to assess metabolic flexibility and oxidative capacity across individuals of widely different metabolic capabilities.</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><pmid>28623613</pmid><doi>10.1007/s40279-017-0751-x</doi><tpages>13</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0112-1642 |
| ispartof | Sports medicine (Auckland), 2018-02, Vol.48 (2), p.467-479 |
| issn | 0112-1642 1179-2035 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_1910799804 |
| source | Springer Nature |
| subjects | Aerobic capacity Athletes Blood levels Calorimetry Carbohydrate Metabolism - physiology Carbohydrates Diabetes Endurance Energy Metabolism - physiology Exercise Exercise - physiology Exercise Test Fatty acids Flexibility Glucose Humans Insulin Lactates - blood Lactic acid Lipid Metabolism - physiology Lipids Male Medicine Medicine & Public Health Metabolic syndrome Mitochondria Muscles Musculoskeletal system Original Research Article Oxidation Oxidation-Reduction Oxygen Consumption Physical Endurance Physical fitness Plasma Population studies Sports Medicine |
| title | Assessment of Metabolic Flexibility by Means of Measuring Blood Lactate, Fat, and Carbohydrate Oxidation Responses to Exercise in Professional Endurance Athletes and Less-Fit Individuals |
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