Characteristics of acute groin injuries in the hip flexor muscles — a detailed MRI study in athletes

• Published in: Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 2018-02, Vol.28 (2), p.677-685
• Main Authors: Serner, A., Weir, A., Tol, J. L., Thorborg, K., Roemer, F., Guermazi, A., Yamashiro, E., Hölmich, P.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Abdominal Muscles - diagnostic imaging; Abdominal Muscles - injuries; Adolescent; Adult; Athletes; Athletic Injuries - diagnostic imaging; diagnosis; Groin - diagnostic imaging; Groin - injuries; groin pain; Hernias; hip; Hip Injuries - diagnostic imaging; Humans; iliopsoas; imaging; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; muscle injuries; NMR; Nuclear magnetic resonance; Pain; Psoas Muscles - diagnostic imaging; Psoas Muscles - injuries; rectus femoris; Sports injuries; Sports medicine; Tendon Injuries - diagnostic imaging; thigh; Young Adult
• ISSN: 0905-7188; 1600-0838
• DOI: 10.1111/sms.12939

Hip flexor injuries account for one‐third of acute groin injuries; however, little is known about specific injury characteristics. The aims of this study were to describe acute hip flexor injuries using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in athletes with acute groin pain and to compare specific muscle injuries with reported injury situations. Male athletes with acute groin pain were prospectively and consecutively included during three sports seasons. MRI was performed within 7 days of injury using a standardized protocol and a reliable assessment approach. All athletes with an MRI confirmed acute hip flexor muscle injury were included. A total of 156 athletes presented with acute groin pain of which 33 athletes were included, median age 26 years (range 18‐35). There were 16 rectus femoris, 12 iliacus, 7 psoas major, 4 sartorius, and 1 tensor fascia latae injury. Rectus femoris injuries primarily occurred during kicking (10) and sprinting (4), whereas iliacus injuries most frequently occurred during change of direction (5). In 10 (63%) rectus femoris injuries, tendinous injury was observed. The iliacus and psoas major injuries were mainly observed at the musculotendinous junction (MTJ), and two included tendinous injury. We have illustrated specific injury locations within these muscles, which may be relevant for the clinical diagnosis and prognosis of these injuries. Most proximal rectus femoris injuries included tendinous injury. In contrast, distinct acute iliacus and psoas injuries predominantly occurred at the MTJ. Only the iliacus or psoas major were injured during change of direction, whereas rectus femoris injuries occurred primarily during kicking and sprinting.