Electron beam water calorimetry measurements to obtain beam quality conversion factors

• Published in: Medical physics (Lancaster) 2017-10, Vol.44 (10), p.5433-5444
• Main Authors: Muir, Bryan R., Cojocaru, Claudiu D., McEwen, Malcolm R., Ross, Carl K.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: beam quality conversion factor; Calibration; Calorimetry; electron beams; Electrons; Quality Control; Radiometry; Temperature; Uncertainty; Water; water calorimetry
• ISSN: 0094-2405; 2473-4209
• DOI: 10.1002/mp.12463

Purpose To provide results of water calorimetry and ion chamber measurements in high‐energy electron beams carried out at the National Research Council Canada (NRC). There are three main aspects to this work: (a) investigation of the behavior of ionization chambers in electron beams of different energies with focus on long‐term stability, (b) water calorimetry measurements to determine absorbed dose to water in high‐energy beams for direct calibration of ion chambers, and (c) using measurements of chamber response relative to reference ion chambers, determination of beam quality conversion factors, kQ, for several ion chamber types. Methods Measurements are made in electron beams with energies between 8 MeV and 22 MeV from the NRC Elekta Precise clinical linear accelerator. Ion chamber measurements are made as a function of depth for cylindrical and plane‐parallel ion chambers over a period of five years to investigate the stability of ion chamber response and for indirect calibration. Water calorimetry measurements are made in 18 MeV and 22 MeV beams. An insulated enclosure with fine temperature control is used to maintain a constant temperature (drifts less than 0.1 mK/min) of the calorimeter phantom at 4°C to minimize effects from convection. Two vessels of different designs are used with calibrated thermistor probes to measure radiation induced temperature rise. The vessels are filled with high‐purity water and saturated with H2 or N2 gas to minimize the effect of radiochemical reactions on the measured temperature rise. A set of secondary standard ion chambers are calibrated directly against the calorimeter. Finally, several other ion chambers are calibrated in the NRC 60Co reference field and then cross‐calibrated against the secondary standard chambers in electron beams to realize kQ factors. Results The long‐term stability of the cylindrical ion chambers in electron beams is better (always