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Biomechanical testing of the calcified metacarpal articular surface and its association with subchondral bone microstructure in Thoroughbred racehorses
Summary Background Palmar/plantar osteochondral disease (POD) and third metacarpal/‐tarsal condylar fractures are considered fatigue injuries of subchondral bone (SCB) and calcified cartilage due to repetitive high loads in racehorses. In combination with adaptive changes in SCB in response to race...
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| Published in: | Equine veterinary journal 2018-03, Vol.50 (2), p.255-260 |
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| container_end_page | 260 |
| container_issue | 2 |
| container_start_page | 255 |
| container_title | Equine veterinary journal |
| container_volume | 50 |
| creator | Williamson, A. J. Sims, N. A. Thomas, C. D. L. Lee, P. V. S. Stevenson, M. A. Whitton, R. C. |
| description | Summary
Background
Palmar/plantar osteochondral disease (POD) and third metacarpal/‐tarsal condylar fractures are considered fatigue injuries of subchondral bone (SCB) and calcified cartilage due to repetitive high loads in racehorses. In combination with adaptive changes in SCB in response to race training, the accumulation of SCB fatigue is likely to result in changes of joint surface mechanical properties.
Objectives
To determine the spatial relationship and correlation of calcified articular surface biomechanical properties with SCB microstructure and training history in the distal palmar metacarpal condyle of Thoroughbred racehorses.
Study design
Cross‐sectional study.
Methods
Third metacarpal condyles were examined from 31 Thoroughbred horses with micro‐computed tomography (microCT). Hyaline cartilage was removed and reference point indentation (RPI) mechanical testing of the calcified articular surface was performed. Training histories were obtained from trainers. The association among indentation distance increase (IDI, an inverse RPI measure of toughness), and microCT and training variables was assessed using a mixed‐effects generalised linear model.
Results
Untrained horses had higher IDI than horses that had commenced training (P |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/evj.12748 |
| format | article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_1932169588</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>1993304573</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3888-2f352e7c2812b3f796308ce1f712d36e6efc2c06886b4ac73917faf9669882423</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp1kc1O3DAUha2KqkynLHiByhKbdhGI7YzjLAHRPyF1Q9lGjnNNPErswT9FPElft5cOdFGp3ti--nx87zmEHLP6lOE6g5_bU8bbRr0iK143vBKilgdkhcdNxWTTHJK3KW3rWgje8DfkkCslRNO1K_LrwoUFzKS9M3qmGVJ2_o4GS_MEFEvGWQcjXSBro-MOGR2zM2XWkaYSrTZAtR-py4nqlIJxOrvg6YPLEwKDmYIfIz4bgge6OBNDyrGYXCJQ5-nNFGIod9MQ8ZeIanhPkN6R11bPCY6e9zX58enq5vJLdf3989fL8-vKCKVUxa3YcGgNV4wPwradFLUywGzL-CgkSLCGm1oqJYdGm1Z0rLXadlJ2SqEXYk0-7HV3MdwXnL5fXDIwz9pDKKlnneBMdhs0bE1O_kG3oUSP3SHVoeXNphVIfdxTT4OmCLbfRbfo-Nizun9Kq8e0-j9pIfv-WbEMC4x_yZd4EDjbAw9uhsf_K_VXt9_2kr8BEG6hNg</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1993304573</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Biomechanical testing of the calcified metacarpal articular surface and its association with subchondral bone microstructure in Thoroughbred racehorses</title><source>Wiley-Blackwell Read & Publish Collection</source><creator>Williamson, A. J. ; Sims, N. A. ; Thomas, C. D. L. ; Lee, P. V. S. ; Stevenson, M. A. ; Whitton, R. C.</creator><creatorcontrib>Williamson, A. J. ; Sims, N. A. ; Thomas, C. D. L. ; Lee, P. V. S. ; Stevenson, M. A. ; Whitton, R. C.</creatorcontrib><description>Summary
Background
Palmar/plantar osteochondral disease (POD) and third metacarpal/‐tarsal condylar fractures are considered fatigue injuries of subchondral bone (SCB) and calcified cartilage due to repetitive high loads in racehorses. In combination with adaptive changes in SCB in response to race training, the accumulation of SCB fatigue is likely to result in changes of joint surface mechanical properties.
Objectives
To determine the spatial relationship and correlation of calcified articular surface biomechanical properties with SCB microstructure and training history in the distal palmar metacarpal condyle of Thoroughbred racehorses.
Study design
Cross‐sectional study.
Methods
Third metacarpal condyles were examined from 31 Thoroughbred horses with micro‐computed tomography (microCT). Hyaline cartilage was removed and reference point indentation (RPI) mechanical testing of the calcified articular surface was performed. Training histories were obtained from trainers. The association among indentation distance increase (IDI, an inverse RPI measure of toughness), and microCT and training variables was assessed using a mixed‐effects generalised linear model.
Results
Untrained horses had higher IDI than horses that had commenced training (P<0.001). Death as a result of musculoskeletal bone fatigue injury (P = 0.044) and presence of POD (P = 0.05) were associated with higher IDI. The microCT variables connectivity density and trabecular pattern factor were positively (P = 0.002) and negatively (P<0.001) correlated with IDI respectively.
Main limitations
The application of RPI to the calcified articular surface is novel and there is a potential for measurement variability with surface unevenness.
Conclusion
Commencement of race training is associated with altered material properties of the calcified articular surface in horses. Reduced articular surface material properties can also be detected in horses that have fatigue injuries of the distal metacarpus and at other sites in the skeleton. Measures of SCB connectivity and trabecular surface shape may be more important determinants of resistance to failure of the calcified articular surface than traditional measures such as SCB volume and density.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0425-1644</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2042-3306</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/evj.12748</identifier><identifier>PMID: 28833497</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</publisher><subject>Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Biomechanics ; Bone and Bones - anatomy & histology ; Bone Density - physiology ; Calcification ; Cartilage, Articular ; Computed tomography ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Fatigue ; Fractures ; horse ; Horses ; Injuries ; Mechanical properties ; Mechanical tests ; Metacarpal ; Metacarpal Bones - physiology ; Metacarpus ; Microstructure ; osteoarthritis ; palmar osteochondral disease ; Physical Conditioning, Animal ; Racehorses ; Skeleton ; Skin & tissue grafts ; Sports ; Subchondral bone ; Unevenness ; X-Ray Microtomography</subject><ispartof>Equine veterinary journal, 2018-03, Vol.50 (2), p.255-260</ispartof><rights>2017 EVJ Ltd</rights><rights>2017 EVJ Ltd.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2018 EVJ Ltd</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3888-2f352e7c2812b3f796308ce1f712d36e6efc2c06886b4ac73917faf9669882423</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3888-2f352e7c2812b3f796308ce1f712d36e6efc2c06886b4ac73917faf9669882423</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-0012-4065 ; 0000-0003-1789-6061</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27922,27923</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28833497$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Williamson, A. J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sims, N. A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thomas, C. D. L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lee, P. V. S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stevenson, M. A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Whitton, R. C.</creatorcontrib><title>Biomechanical testing of the calcified metacarpal articular surface and its association with subchondral bone microstructure in Thoroughbred racehorses</title><title>Equine veterinary journal</title><addtitle>Equine Vet J</addtitle><description>Summary
Background
Palmar/plantar osteochondral disease (POD) and third metacarpal/‐tarsal condylar fractures are considered fatigue injuries of subchondral bone (SCB) and calcified cartilage due to repetitive high loads in racehorses. In combination with adaptive changes in SCB in response to race training, the accumulation of SCB fatigue is likely to result in changes of joint surface mechanical properties.
Objectives
To determine the spatial relationship and correlation of calcified articular surface biomechanical properties with SCB microstructure and training history in the distal palmar metacarpal condyle of Thoroughbred racehorses.
Study design
Cross‐sectional study.
Methods
Third metacarpal condyles were examined from 31 Thoroughbred horses with micro‐computed tomography (microCT). Hyaline cartilage was removed and reference point indentation (RPI) mechanical testing of the calcified articular surface was performed. Training histories were obtained from trainers. The association among indentation distance increase (IDI, an inverse RPI measure of toughness), and microCT and training variables was assessed using a mixed‐effects generalised linear model.
Results
Untrained horses had higher IDI than horses that had commenced training (P<0.001). Death as a result of musculoskeletal bone fatigue injury (P = 0.044) and presence of POD (P = 0.05) were associated with higher IDI. The microCT variables connectivity density and trabecular pattern factor were positively (P = 0.002) and negatively (P<0.001) correlated with IDI respectively.
Main limitations
The application of RPI to the calcified articular surface is novel and there is a potential for measurement variability with surface unevenness.
Conclusion
Commencement of race training is associated with altered material properties of the calcified articular surface in horses. Reduced articular surface material properties can also be detected in horses that have fatigue injuries of the distal metacarpus and at other sites in the skeleton. Measures of SCB connectivity and trabecular surface shape may be more important determinants of resistance to failure of the calcified articular surface than traditional measures such as SCB volume and density.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Biomechanical Phenomena</subject><subject>Biomechanics</subject><subject>Bone and Bones - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Bone Density - physiology</subject><subject>Calcification</subject><subject>Cartilage, Articular</subject><subject>Computed tomography</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Fatigue</subject><subject>Fractures</subject><subject>horse</subject><subject>Horses</subject><subject>Injuries</subject><subject>Mechanical properties</subject><subject>Mechanical tests</subject><subject>Metacarpal</subject><subject>Metacarpal Bones - physiology</subject><subject>Metacarpus</subject><subject>Microstructure</subject><subject>osteoarthritis</subject><subject>palmar osteochondral disease</subject><subject>Physical Conditioning, Animal</subject><subject>Racehorses</subject><subject>Skeleton</subject><subject>Skin & tissue grafts</subject><subject>Sports</subject><subject>Subchondral bone</subject><subject>Unevenness</subject><subject>X-Ray Microtomography</subject><issn>0425-1644</issn><issn>2042-3306</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp1kc1O3DAUha2KqkynLHiByhKbdhGI7YzjLAHRPyF1Q9lGjnNNPErswT9FPElft5cOdFGp3ti--nx87zmEHLP6lOE6g5_bU8bbRr0iK143vBKilgdkhcdNxWTTHJK3KW3rWgje8DfkkCslRNO1K_LrwoUFzKS9M3qmGVJ2_o4GS_MEFEvGWQcjXSBro-MOGR2zM2XWkaYSrTZAtR-py4nqlIJxOrvg6YPLEwKDmYIfIz4bgge6OBNDyrGYXCJQ5-nNFGIod9MQ8ZeIanhPkN6R11bPCY6e9zX58enq5vJLdf3989fL8-vKCKVUxa3YcGgNV4wPwradFLUywGzL-CgkSLCGm1oqJYdGm1Z0rLXadlJ2SqEXYk0-7HV3MdwXnL5fXDIwz9pDKKlnneBMdhs0bE1O_kG3oUSP3SHVoeXNphVIfdxTT4OmCLbfRbfo-Nizun9Kq8e0-j9pIfv-WbEMC4x_yZd4EDjbAw9uhsf_K_VXt9_2kr8BEG6hNg</recordid><startdate>201803</startdate><enddate>201803</enddate><creator>Williamson, A. J.</creator><creator>Sims, N. A.</creator><creator>Thomas, C. D. L.</creator><creator>Lee, P. V. S.</creator><creator>Stevenson, M. A.</creator><creator>Whitton, R. C.</creator><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0012-4065</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1789-6061</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>201803</creationdate><title>Biomechanical testing of the calcified metacarpal articular surface and its association with subchondral bone microstructure in Thoroughbred racehorses</title><author>Williamson, A. J. ; Sims, N. A. ; Thomas, C. D. L. ; Lee, P. V. S. ; Stevenson, M. A. ; Whitton, R. C.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3888-2f352e7c2812b3f796308ce1f712d36e6efc2c06886b4ac73917faf9669882423</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Biomechanical Phenomena</topic><topic>Biomechanics</topic><topic>Bone and Bones - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>Bone Density - physiology</topic><topic>Calcification</topic><topic>Cartilage, Articular</topic><topic>Computed tomography</topic><topic>Cross-Sectional Studies</topic><topic>Fatigue</topic><topic>Fractures</topic><topic>horse</topic><topic>Horses</topic><topic>Injuries</topic><topic>Mechanical properties</topic><topic>Mechanical tests</topic><topic>Metacarpal</topic><topic>Metacarpal Bones - physiology</topic><topic>Metacarpus</topic><topic>Microstructure</topic><topic>osteoarthritis</topic><topic>palmar osteochondral disease</topic><topic>Physical Conditioning, Animal</topic><topic>Racehorses</topic><topic>Skeleton</topic><topic>Skin & tissue grafts</topic><topic>Sports</topic><topic>Subchondral bone</topic><topic>Unevenness</topic><topic>X-Ray Microtomography</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Williamson, A. J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sims, N. A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thomas, C. D. L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lee, P. V. S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stevenson, M. A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Whitton, R. C.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Equine veterinary journal</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Williamson, A. J.</au><au>Sims, N. A.</au><au>Thomas, C. D. L.</au><au>Lee, P. V. S.</au><au>Stevenson, M. A.</au><au>Whitton, R. C.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Biomechanical testing of the calcified metacarpal articular surface and its association with subchondral bone microstructure in Thoroughbred racehorses</atitle><jtitle>Equine veterinary journal</jtitle><addtitle>Equine Vet J</addtitle><date>2018-03</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>50</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>255</spage><epage>260</epage><pages>255-260</pages><issn>0425-1644</issn><eissn>2042-3306</eissn><abstract>Summary
Background
Palmar/plantar osteochondral disease (POD) and third metacarpal/‐tarsal condylar fractures are considered fatigue injuries of subchondral bone (SCB) and calcified cartilage due to repetitive high loads in racehorses. In combination with adaptive changes in SCB in response to race training, the accumulation of SCB fatigue is likely to result in changes of joint surface mechanical properties.
Objectives
To determine the spatial relationship and correlation of calcified articular surface biomechanical properties with SCB microstructure and training history in the distal palmar metacarpal condyle of Thoroughbred racehorses.
Study design
Cross‐sectional study.
Methods
Third metacarpal condyles were examined from 31 Thoroughbred horses with micro‐computed tomography (microCT). Hyaline cartilage was removed and reference point indentation (RPI) mechanical testing of the calcified articular surface was performed. Training histories were obtained from trainers. The association among indentation distance increase (IDI, an inverse RPI measure of toughness), and microCT and training variables was assessed using a mixed‐effects generalised linear model.
Results
Untrained horses had higher IDI than horses that had commenced training (P<0.001). Death as a result of musculoskeletal bone fatigue injury (P = 0.044) and presence of POD (P = 0.05) were associated with higher IDI. The microCT variables connectivity density and trabecular pattern factor were positively (P = 0.002) and negatively (P<0.001) correlated with IDI respectively.
Main limitations
The application of RPI to the calcified articular surface is novel and there is a potential for measurement variability with surface unevenness.
Conclusion
Commencement of race training is associated with altered material properties of the calcified articular surface in horses. Reduced articular surface material properties can also be detected in horses that have fatigue injuries of the distal metacarpus and at other sites in the skeleton. Measures of SCB connectivity and trabecular surface shape may be more important determinants of resistance to failure of the calcified articular surface than traditional measures such as SCB volume and density.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</pub><pmid>28833497</pmid><doi>10.1111/evj.12748</doi><tpages>6</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0012-4065</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1789-6061</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Equine veterinary journal, 2018-03, Vol.50 (2), p.255-260 |
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| language | eng |
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| source | Wiley-Blackwell Read & Publish Collection |
| subjects | Animals Biomechanical Phenomena Biomechanics Bone and Bones - anatomy & histology Bone Density - physiology Calcification Cartilage, Articular Computed tomography Cross-Sectional Studies Fatigue Fractures horse Horses Injuries Mechanical properties Mechanical tests Metacarpal Metacarpal Bones - physiology Metacarpus Microstructure osteoarthritis palmar osteochondral disease Physical Conditioning, Animal Racehorses Skeleton Skin & tissue grafts Sports Subchondral bone Unevenness X-Ray Microtomography |
| title | Biomechanical testing of the calcified metacarpal articular surface and its association with subchondral bone microstructure in Thoroughbred racehorses |
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