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Flowers Adaptively Face Down-Slope in 10 Forest-Floor Herbs
1. An animal-pollinated plant living on a slope should orientate its flowers down-slope towards the more open space if by doing so it receives more pollinator visits and thereby achieves increased reproductive success. 2. We measured flower orientation relative to slope direction on individuals of 1...
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Published in: | Functional ecology 2006-08, Vol.20 (4), p.585-591 |
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creator | Ushimaru, A. Kawase, D. Imamura, A. |
description | 1. An animal-pollinated plant living on a slope should orientate its flowers down-slope towards the more open space if by doing so it receives more pollinator visits and thereby achieves increased reproductive success. 2. We measured flower orientation relative to slope direction on individuals of 10 species of forest-floor herbs in cool temperate forests in Japan. For one of these species, Erythronium japonicum, we also manipulated flower orientation to test experimentally for its effects on both male and female reproductive function. 3. In all 10 species, flowers were preferentially orientated down-slope. This pattern was more pronounced in plants growing on steeper slopes. 4. Our manipulative field experiment in Erythronium japonicum demonstrated that pollen dispatch was highest in flowers orientated down-slope. Additionally, flowers orientated up-slope may have achieved a lower seed set on steep slopes. 5. We conclude that down-slope orientation of flowers was a general phenomenon among the species that we studied, and that this behaviour was adaptive in enhancing plant fitness through pollination. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01153.x |
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An animal-pollinated plant living on a slope should orientate its flowers down-slope towards the more open space if by doing so it receives more pollinator visits and thereby achieves increased reproductive success. 2. We measured flower orientation relative to slope direction on individuals of 10 species of forest-floor herbs in cool temperate forests in Japan. For one of these species, Erythronium japonicum, we also manipulated flower orientation to test experimentally for its effects on both male and female reproductive function. 3. In all 10 species, flowers were preferentially orientated down-slope. This pattern was more pronounced in plants growing on steeper slopes. 4. Our manipulative field experiment in Erythronium japonicum demonstrated that pollen dispatch was highest in flowers orientated down-slope. Additionally, flowers orientated up-slope may have achieved a lower seed set on steep slopes. 5. 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An animal-pollinated plant living on a slope should orientate its flowers down-slope towards the more open space if by doing so it receives more pollinator visits and thereby achieves increased reproductive success. 2. We measured flower orientation relative to slope direction on individuals of 10 species of forest-floor herbs in cool temperate forests in Japan. For one of these species, Erythronium japonicum, we also manipulated flower orientation to test experimentally for its effects on both male and female reproductive function. 3. In all 10 species, flowers were preferentially orientated down-slope. This pattern was more pronounced in plants growing on steeper slopes. 4. Our manipulative field experiment in Erythronium japonicum demonstrated that pollen dispatch was highest in flowers orientated down-slope. Additionally, flowers orientated up-slope may have achieved a lower seed set on steep slopes. 5. 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Psychology</subject><subject>General aspects</subject><subject>Human ecology</subject><subject>Plant ecology</subject><subject>Plants</subject><subject>Pollen</subject><subject>Pollinators</subject><subject>Reproductive success</subject><subject>slope angle</subject><subject>slope direction</subject><subject>vertical orientation</subject><issn>0269-8463</issn><issn>1365-2435</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2006</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqNkLFOwzAQhi0EEqXwBgxZYEs4x4mTCDFUpaFIlRiA2bKdi5QojYPd0vbtSUhVVrycpfu-u9NPiEchoP17qAPKeOyHEYuDEIAHQGnMgv0ZmZwa52QCIc_8NOLsklw5VwNAFofhhDzmjdmhdd6skN2m-sbm4OVSo_dsdq3_3pgOvartt3m5seg2fs8b6y3RKndNLkrZOLw51in5zBcf86W_ent5nc9WvuYUmI8y0XFWIEBcJLzkEjOeqAxZmmZcyhS00gnXSkWMQhSXkY6URImlUoVSWLApuR_ndtZ8bfsjxLpyGptGtmi2TtCMMQ6U9WA6gtoa5yyWorPVWtqDoCCGtEQthlDEEIoY0hK_aYl9r94dd0inZVNa2erK_flJFqcJ5T33NHK7qsHDv-eLfDEffr1_O_q12xh78lkKnANnP-HyhjQ</recordid><startdate>200608</startdate><enddate>200608</enddate><creator>Ushimaru, A.</creator><creator>Kawase, D.</creator><creator>Imamura, A.</creator><general>British Ecological Society</general><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>Blackwell Science</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7U6</scope><scope>C1K</scope></search><sort><creationdate>200608</creationdate><title>Flowers Adaptively Face Down-Slope in 10 Forest-Floor Herbs</title><author>Ushimaru, A. ; Kawase, D. ; Imamura, A.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c6103-ea7c59de005d76f6ae967b9e38896aa80cbc76cbb431045f4c4baeaefbbdbbed3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2006</creationdate><topic>Animal and plant ecology</topic><topic>Animal, plant and microbial ecology</topic><topic>Autoecology</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Down‐slope flower orientation</topic><topic>Ecology</topic><topic>Erythronium japonicum</topic><topic>Flowering</topic><topic>Flowers</topic><topic>Fruits</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>General aspects</topic><topic>Human ecology</topic><topic>Plant ecology</topic><topic>Plants</topic><topic>Pollen</topic><topic>Pollinators</topic><topic>Reproductive success</topic><topic>slope angle</topic><topic>slope direction</topic><topic>vertical orientation</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Ushimaru, A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kawase, D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Imamura, A.</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Sustainability Science Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><jtitle>Functional ecology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Ushimaru, A.</au><au>Kawase, D.</au><au>Imamura, A.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Flowers Adaptively Face Down-Slope in 10 Forest-Floor Herbs</atitle><jtitle>Functional ecology</jtitle><date>2006-08</date><risdate>2006</risdate><volume>20</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>585</spage><epage>591</epage><pages>585-591</pages><issn>0269-8463</issn><eissn>1365-2435</eissn><abstract>1. An animal-pollinated plant living on a slope should orientate its flowers down-slope towards the more open space if by doing so it receives more pollinator visits and thereby achieves increased reproductive success. 2. We measured flower orientation relative to slope direction on individuals of 10 species of forest-floor herbs in cool temperate forests in Japan. For one of these species, Erythronium japonicum, we also manipulated flower orientation to test experimentally for its effects on both male and female reproductive function. 3. In all 10 species, flowers were preferentially orientated down-slope. This pattern was more pronounced in plants growing on steeper slopes. 4. Our manipulative field experiment in Erythronium japonicum demonstrated that pollen dispatch was highest in flowers orientated down-slope. Additionally, flowers orientated up-slope may have achieved a lower seed set on steep slopes. 5. 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subjects | Animal and plant ecology Animal, plant and microbial ecology Autoecology Biological and medical sciences Down‐slope flower orientation Ecology Erythronium japonicum Flowering Flowers Fruits Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General aspects Human ecology Plant ecology Plants Pollen Pollinators Reproductive success slope angle slope direction vertical orientation |
title | Flowers Adaptively Face Down-Slope in 10 Forest-Floor Herbs |
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