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Mobility of rare earth elements, yttrium and scandium from a phosphogypsum stack: Environmental and economic implications
This paper investigates the mobility and fluxes of REE, Y and Sc under weathering conditions from an anomalously metal-rich phosphogypsum stack in SW Spain. The interactions of the phosphogypsum stack with rainfall and organic matter-rich solutions, simulating the weathering processes observed due t...
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| Published in: | The Science of the total environment 2018-03, Vol.618, p.847-857 |
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| cites | cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c420t-908a42e900e60c6f660378cc1d9c23e72c12ac3dbae19fe7b8f0e6c7d6258efd3 |
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| container_title | The Science of the total environment |
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| creator | Cánovas, Carlos Ruiz Macías, Francisco Pérez López, Rafael Nieto, José Miguel |
| description | This paper investigates the mobility and fluxes of REE, Y and Sc under weathering conditions from an anomalously metal-rich phosphogypsum stack in SW Spain. The interactions of the phosphogypsum stack with rainfall and organic matter-rich solutions, simulating the weathering processes observed due to its location on salt-marshes, were simulated by leaching tests (e.g. EN 12457-2 and TCLP). Despite the high concentration of REE, Y and Sc contained in the phosphogypsum stack, their mobility during the leaching tests was very low; |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.220 |
| format | article |
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[Display omitted]
•The mobility of REE, Y and Sc has not been properly addressed in phosphogypsum stacks.•Leaching tests showed a low mobility of REE, Y and Sc in the stack.•Phosphate minerals may host REE and Y in the phosphogypsum stack.•Fluoride minerals may exert a solubility control of REE, Y and Sc in pore waters.•Phosphogypsum is a secondary source of REE, Y and Sc that could be exploited.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0048-9697</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-1026</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.220</identifier><identifier>PMID: 29054639</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Netherlands: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>Fractionation processes ; Leaching test ; REE fractionation ; REE scavenging</subject><ispartof>The Science of the total environment, 2018-03, Vol.618, p.847-857</ispartof><rights>2017 Elsevier B.V.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c420t-908a42e900e60c6f660378cc1d9c23e72c12ac3dbae19fe7b8f0e6c7d6258efd3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c420t-908a42e900e60c6f660378cc1d9c23e72c12ac3dbae19fe7b8f0e6c7d6258efd3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-2860-5154</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27923,27924</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29054639$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Cánovas, Carlos Ruiz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Macías, Francisco</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pérez López, Rafael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nieto, José Miguel</creatorcontrib><title>Mobility of rare earth elements, yttrium and scandium from a phosphogypsum stack: Environmental and economic implications</title><title>The Science of the total environment</title><addtitle>Sci Total Environ</addtitle><description>This paper investigates the mobility and fluxes of REE, Y and Sc under weathering conditions from an anomalously metal-rich phosphogypsum stack in SW Spain. The interactions of the phosphogypsum stack with rainfall and organic matter-rich solutions, simulating the weathering processes observed due to its location on salt-marshes, were simulated by leaching tests (e.g. EN 12457-2 and TCLP). Despite the high concentration of REE, Y and Sc contained in the phosphogypsum stack, their mobility during the leaching tests was very low; <0.66% and 1.8% of the total content of these elements were released during both tests. Chemical and mineralogical evidences suggest that phosphate minerals may act as sources of REE and Y in the phosphogypsum stack while fluoride minerals may act as sinks, controlling their mobility. REE fractionation processes were identified in the phosphogypsum stack; a depletion of LREE in the saturated zone was identified due probably to the dissolution of secondary LREE phosphates previously formed during apatite dissolution in the industrial process. Thus, the vadose zone of the stack would preserve the original REE signature of phosphate rocks. On the other hand, an enrichment of MREE in relation to HREE of edge outflows is observed due to the higher influence of estuarine waters on the leaching process of the phosphogypsum stack. Despite the low mobility of REE, Y and Sc in the phosphogypsum, around 104kg/yr of REE and 40kg/yr of Y and Sc are released from the stack to the estuary, which may imply an environmental concern. The information obtained in this study could be used to optimize extraction methods aimed to recover REE, Y and Sc from phosphogypsum, mitigating the pollution to the environment.
[Display omitted]
•The mobility of REE, Y and Sc has not been properly addressed in phosphogypsum stacks.•Leaching tests showed a low mobility of REE, Y and Sc in the stack.•Phosphate minerals may host REE and Y in the phosphogypsum stack.•Fluoride minerals may exert a solubility control of REE, Y and Sc in pore waters.•Phosphogypsum is a secondary source of REE, Y and Sc that could be exploited.</description><subject>Fractionation processes</subject><subject>Leaching test</subject><subject>REE fractionation</subject><subject>REE scavenging</subject><issn>0048-9697</issn><issn>1879-1026</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqFkE1v1DAQhi0EarelfwF85EDC2Mn6g1tVtQWpiAucLa8zoV6SONjelfLvcbqlVyzZlkfPOyM_hLxnUDNg4tO-Ts7nkHE61hyYrEHVnMMrsmFK6ooBF6_JBqBVlRZanpOLlPZQllTsjJxzDdtWNHpDlm9h5wefFxp6Gm1EijbmR4oDjjjl9JEuOUd_GKmdOppcOddHH0Op0PkxpLJ_LXMqxZSt-_2Z3k5HH8O0xu3wFEMXpjB6R_04D97Z7MOU3pI3vR0SXj3fl-Tn3e2Pmy_Vw_f7rzfXD5VrOeRKg7ItRw2AApzohYBGKudYpx1vUHLHuHVNt7PIdI9yp_pCOtkJvlXYd80l-XDqO8fw54Apm9Enh8NgJwyHZJjetkXLVjYFlSfUxZBSxN7M0Y82LoaBWb2bvXnxblbvBpQp3kvy3fOQw27E7iX3T3QBrk8Alq8ePca1EU4OOx_RZdMF_98hfwHPIJwe</recordid><startdate>20180315</startdate><enddate>20180315</enddate><creator>Cánovas, Carlos Ruiz</creator><creator>Macías, Francisco</creator><creator>Pérez López, Rafael</creator><creator>Nieto, José Miguel</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2860-5154</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20180315</creationdate><title>Mobility of rare earth elements, yttrium and scandium from a phosphogypsum stack: Environmental and economic implications</title><author>Cánovas, Carlos Ruiz ; Macías, Francisco ; Pérez López, Rafael ; Nieto, José Miguel</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c420t-908a42e900e60c6f660378cc1d9c23e72c12ac3dbae19fe7b8f0e6c7d6258efd3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>Fractionation processes</topic><topic>Leaching test</topic><topic>REE fractionation</topic><topic>REE scavenging</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Cánovas, Carlos Ruiz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Macías, Francisco</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pérez López, Rafael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nieto, José Miguel</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>The Science of the total environment</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Cánovas, Carlos Ruiz</au><au>Macías, Francisco</au><au>Pérez López, Rafael</au><au>Nieto, José Miguel</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Mobility of rare earth elements, yttrium and scandium from a phosphogypsum stack: Environmental and economic implications</atitle><jtitle>The Science of the total environment</jtitle><addtitle>Sci Total Environ</addtitle><date>2018-03-15</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>618</volume><spage>847</spage><epage>857</epage><pages>847-857</pages><issn>0048-9697</issn><eissn>1879-1026</eissn><abstract>This paper investigates the mobility and fluxes of REE, Y and Sc under weathering conditions from an anomalously metal-rich phosphogypsum stack in SW Spain. The interactions of the phosphogypsum stack with rainfall and organic matter-rich solutions, simulating the weathering processes observed due to its location on salt-marshes, were simulated by leaching tests (e.g. EN 12457-2 and TCLP). Despite the high concentration of REE, Y and Sc contained in the phosphogypsum stack, their mobility during the leaching tests was very low; <0.66% and 1.8% of the total content of these elements were released during both tests. Chemical and mineralogical evidences suggest that phosphate minerals may act as sources of REE and Y in the phosphogypsum stack while fluoride minerals may act as sinks, controlling their mobility. REE fractionation processes were identified in the phosphogypsum stack; a depletion of LREE in the saturated zone was identified due probably to the dissolution of secondary LREE phosphates previously formed during apatite dissolution in the industrial process. Thus, the vadose zone of the stack would preserve the original REE signature of phosphate rocks. On the other hand, an enrichment of MREE in relation to HREE of edge outflows is observed due to the higher influence of estuarine waters on the leaching process of the phosphogypsum stack. Despite the low mobility of REE, Y and Sc in the phosphogypsum, around 104kg/yr of REE and 40kg/yr of Y and Sc are released from the stack to the estuary, which may imply an environmental concern. The information obtained in this study could be used to optimize extraction methods aimed to recover REE, Y and Sc from phosphogypsum, mitigating the pollution to the environment.
[Display omitted]
•The mobility of REE, Y and Sc has not been properly addressed in phosphogypsum stacks.•Leaching tests showed a low mobility of REE, Y and Sc in the stack.•Phosphate minerals may host REE and Y in the phosphogypsum stack.•Fluoride minerals may exert a solubility control of REE, Y and Sc in pore waters.•Phosphogypsum is a secondary source of REE, Y and Sc that could be exploited.</abstract><cop>Netherlands</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><pmid>29054639</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.220</doi><tpages>11</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2860-5154</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| language | eng |
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| source | ScienceDirect Journals |
| subjects | Fractionation processes Leaching test REE fractionation REE scavenging |
| title | Mobility of rare earth elements, yttrium and scandium from a phosphogypsum stack: Environmental and economic implications |
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