Quantification of enterococci and bifidobacteria in Georgia estuaries using conventional and molecular methods

• Published in: Water research (Oxford) 2008-08, Vol.42 (14), p.4001-4009
• Main Authors: Morrison, Clayton R., Bachoon, Dave S., Gates, Keith W.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Applied sciences; aquatic habitat; Bifidobacteriaceae; Bifidobacterium - isolation & purification; Bifidobacterium adolescentis; Brackish; Enterococcus; Enterococcus - isolation & purification; environmental indicators; estuaries; Exact sciences and technology; fecal indicator bacteria; Fecal pollution; feces; geographical variation; Georgia; Indicator organism; Membrane filtration; microbial contamination; Oceans and Seas; Other industrial wastes. Sewage sludge; plate count; Pollution; polymerase chain reaction; population density; qPCR; quantitative analysis; ribosomal RNA; risk assessment; Rivers - microbiology; Sewage - microbiology; surface water; Wastes; Water Microbiology; Water Pollutants; water pollution; Water treatment and pollution
• ISSN: 0043-1354; 1879-2448
• DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.07.021

Fecal pollution is a serious threat to the estuarine environment along the Georgia coast. Culture-dependant and molecular methodologies were utilized to compare and evaluate the abundance of fecal indicator bacteria in four Georgia estuaries (Darien River, Frederica River, Gulley Hole Creek, and St. Marys River). The functionality of enterococci and bifidobacteria as indicator organisms in marine environments was assessed, as well as Bifidobacterium adolescentis densities. At each study site, enterococci were enumerated as colony forming units (CFU) on mEI agar. For quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), genus- and species-specific primer sets were used to quantify bifidobacteria and B. adolescentis as 16S rRNA gene copies and enterococci as tuf gene copies. A high correlation ( r = 0.925) was observed between CFU and qPCR enumeration of enterococci. Enterococci densities in the estuarine rivers ranged from 3–449 CFU/100 ml on mEI plates and 4.58–5.39 Log 10 gene copies/100 ml by qPCR. Bifidobacteria densities ranged from 3.62–4.14 Log 10 gene copies/100 ml and suggested the Frederica River as least affected by fecal bacteria and the Darien River as most affected by fecal pollution. A correlation of 0.46 was observed among qPCR densities of enterococci and bifidobacteria at all sample sites. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction detection of B. adolescentis was a rapid (i.e., less than 2 h) indicator of presumptive human fecal pollution and suggested that Gulley Hole Creek, the Darien River, and the St. Marys River were affected by fecal bacteria derived from a human source. Gulley Hole Creek and the Darien River had the highest levels of fecal pollution detected in the studied estuaries. Molecular quantification of bifidobacteria may be a more accurate method of determining immediate health risks associated with fecal pollution in estuarine water than traditional and contemporary assessments of enterococci.