Endemic goiter and iodine deficiency status among Guinea-Bissau school-age children

• Published in: European journal of clinical nutrition 2018-11, Vol.72 (11), p.1576-1582
• Main Authors: Carvalho, Andre Couto, Machado, Ana, Embalo, Adulai Robalo, Bordalo, Adriano A
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 692/163/2743; 692/700/478/174; Age; Children; Clinical Nutrition; Demographic aspects; Disorders; Distribution; Drinking water; Elementary school students; Epidemiology; Goiter; Health aspects; Health risk assessment; Households; Internal Medicine; Iodine; Iodine deficiency diseases; Medical research; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Metabolic Diseases; Nutrient deficiency; Nutrition; Population levels; Population studies; Public Health; Salts; Science & Technology; Thyroid; Ultrasound; Water; Water analysis; Water sampling; Water wells; Well water
• ISSN: 0954-3007; 1476-5640
• DOI: 10.1038/s41430-017-0055-0

Background/objectives Iodine deficiency disorders are estimated to affect 25% of all school-age children around the world. Current policies concerning iodine deficiency disorders in many countries are not based on robust or recent national data. Our objective was to evaluate the current status of iodine nutrition in Guinea-Bissau (West Africa).Subject/methods A cross-sectional survey including 299 school-age children, aged 6-14 years old, from four distinct regions of Guinea-Bissau across a coast-hinterland gradient (Bolama, Bissau, Cambaju-Bafata, and Gabil) was performed. Several iodine deficiency disorders indicators were used: total goiter rate, median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and regional iodine content in household salt and drinking water samples. Data on the total goiter rate were obtained by thyroid ultrasound.Results Goiter was found in 73.5% (CI 95%, 68.5-78.2%) of the school-age children. We observed a median urinary iodine concentration of 110 mcg/l, with 7.3% of the studied population presenting urinary iodine concentration < 50 mcg/l. Only 12.5% of the household salt samples revealed iodine content >= 15 mg/kg. Median well water iodine concentration was 11.7 mcg/l.Conclusions Guinea-Bissau presents high rates of goiter in school-age children despite satisfactory median urinary iodine concentration population levels. Salt and drinking water iodine median content cannot explain these findings. Further studies following the progress in iodine deficiency status and the presence of potential goitrogens in diet of this vulnerable population are in needed.