Basal Tear Osmolarity as a metric to estimate body hydration and dry eye severity

• Published in: Progress in retinal and eye research 2018-05, Vol.64, p.56-64
• Main Authors: Willshire, C., Bron, A.J., Gaffney, E.A., Pearce, E. Ian
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Dry eye; Osmolality; Plasma osmolarity; Systemic dehydration; Tears
• ISSN: 1350-9462; 1873-1635
• DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.02.001

The osmolarities of various bodily fluids, including tears, saliva and urine, have been used as indices of plasma osmolality, a measure of body hydration, while tear osmolarity is used routinely in dry eye diagnosis, the degree of tear hyperosmolarity providing an index of disease severity. Systemic dehydration, due to inadequate water intake or excessive water loss is common in the elderly population, has a high morbidity and may cause loss of life. Its diagnosis is often overlooked and there is a need to develop a simple, bedside test to detect dehydration in this population. We hypothesize that, in the absence of tear evaporation and with continued secretion, mixing and drainage of tears, tear osmolarity falls to a basal level that is closer to that of the plasma than that of a tear sample taken in open eye conditions. We term this value the Basal Tear Osmolarity (BTO) and propose that it may be measured in tear samples immediately after a period of evaporative suppression. This value will be particular to an individual and since plasma osmolarity is controlled within narrow limits, it is predicted that it will be stable and have a small variance. It is proposed that the BTO, measured immediately after a defined period of eye closure, can provide a new metric in the diagnosis of systemic dehydration and a yardstick against which to gauge the severity of dry eye disease. It is hypothesised that: Tear osmolarity measured after a period of total evaporative suppression, such as achieved by eye closure, can:•Can provide a measure of body hydration•Predict the presence of systemic dehydration.•Offer a personal baseline against which to gauge the severity of dry eye disease.