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Dysregulation of microRNAs in autoimmune diseases: Pathogenesis, biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, single-stranded, endogenous non-coding RNAs that repress the expression of target genes via post-transcriptional mechanisms. Due to their broad regulatory effects, the precisely regulated, spatial-specific and temporal-specific expression of miRNAs is fundamentally impo...

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Published in:Cancer letters 2018-08, Vol.428, p.90-103
Main Authors: Long, Hai, Wang, Xin, Chen, Yongjian, Wang, Ling, Zhao, Ming, Lu, Qianjin
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creator Long, Hai
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description MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, single-stranded, endogenous non-coding RNAs that repress the expression of target genes via post-transcriptional mechanisms. Due to their broad regulatory effects, the precisely regulated, spatial-specific and temporal-specific expression of miRNAs is fundamentally important to various biological processes including the immune homeostasis and normal function of both innate and adaptive immune response. Aberrance of miRNAs is implicated in the development of various human diseases, especially cancers. Increasing evidence has revealed a dysregulated expression pattern of miRNAs in autoimmune diseases, among which many play key roles in the pathogenesis. In this review we summarize these findings on miRNA dysregulation implicated in autoimmune diseases, focusing on four representative systemic autoimmune diseases, i.e. systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis and dermatomyositis. The causes of the dysregulation of miRNA expression in autoimmune diseases may include genetic and epigenetic variants, and various environmental factors. Further understanding of miRNA dysregulation and its mechanisms during the development of different autoimmune diseases holds enormous potential to bring about novel therapeutic targets or strategies for these complex human disorders, as well as novel circulating or exosomal miRNA biomarkers. •miRNAs play crucial roles in regulating both innate and adaptive immune response.•miRNA dysregulation are implicated in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases.•Genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors affect miRNAs and cause autoimmunity.•miRNAs serve as potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers for autoimmune diseases.•Circulating miRNAs and exosomal miRNAs may be ideal novel biomarkers for SLE and RA.
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subjects Adaptive immunity
Apoptosis
Autoimmune diseases
Bioindicators
Biomarkers
Biopsy
Chronic conditions
Cyclin-dependent kinases
Dermatomyositis
Dermatomyositis (DM)
Disease
Environmental factors
Epigenetic mechanisms
Fibroblasts
Gene expression
Genomes
Growth factors
Homeostasis
Immune response
Immunity
Inflammation
Kinases
Lupus
Lymphocytes
MicroRNAs
miRNA
Pathogenesis
Post-transcription
Proteins
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
RNA polymerase
Scleroderma
Sclerosis
Spatial discrimination
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Systemic sclerosis
Systemic sclerosis (SSc)
Therapeutic applications
title Dysregulation of microRNAs in autoimmune diseases: Pathogenesis, biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets
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